Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
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Antibiotics are commonly viewed as the most important advance in the history of medicine. During the six decades that followed the introduction of sulfonamides there has been a continuous supply of new agents responsive to evolving resistance of prior pathogens and emerging new pathogens. It now appears that the microbes confronting clinicians in the 1990s pose challenges that are unprecedented in the recent past. There are examples in virtually every category: malaria, multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, multiply resistant gram-negative bacilli, azole-resistant Candida species, and metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas. The two pathogens that are arguably the most important to otolaryngologists are vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The former is a nosocomially acquired pathogen that is especially prevalent in intensive care units and usually cannot be treated with antibiotics that have established merit. Penicillin-resistant S pneumoniae is suddenly becoming a major problem in much of the world and its frequency in the United States is escalating at an alarming rate, especially in some geographic areas. This organism will require entirely new strategies for the empiric treatment of serious infections in which S pneumoniae is a documented or suspected pathogen. It is premature to say that traditional approaches to sinusitis and otitis need to be changed, but many suspect this will happen. One important lesson from this experience is that extensive antibiotic use and abuse has had some devastating consequences and many now believe that these are inevitable given current usage rates. The second lesson is that, although resistance seems predictable, specific patterns are not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Antibiotic resistance. 770 12

Splenic abscesses are rare entities (autopsy incidence between 0.14-0.7%). The most frequent etiology is the septic emboli seeding from bacterial endocarditis (about 20% of cases) or other septic foci (typhoid fever, malaria, urinary tract infections, osteomielitis, otitis). The treatment of splenic abscesses was until recently splenectomy with antibiotherapy. The actual trends are more conservative (mini invasive or non-invasive) because the immunologic role of the spleen has been better understood over the last year
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PMID:Splenic abscesses. 1209 16

Algorithms which specify procedures for proper diagnosis and treatment of common diseases have been available to primary health care services in less developed countries for the past decade. Whereas each algorithm has usually been limited to a single ailment, children often present with the need for more comprehensive assessment and treatment. Treating just one illness in these children leads to incomplete treatment or missed opportunities for preventive services. To address this problem, the World Health Organization has recently developed a Sick Child Algorithm (SCA) for children aged 2 months-5 years. In addition to specifying case management procedures for acute respiratory illness, diarrhea/dehydration, fever, otitis, and malnutrition, the SCA prompts a check of the child's immunization status. The specificity and sensitivity of this SCA were field-tested in Kenya and the Gambia. In Kenya, the Malaria Branch of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tested the SCA under typical conditions in Siaya District. The Quality Assurance Project of the Center for Human Services carried out a parallel facility-based systems analysis at the request of the Malaria Branch. The assessment which took place in September-October 1993, took the form of observations of provider/patient interactions, provider interviews, and verification of supplies and equipment in 19 rural health facilities to determine how current practices compare to actions prescribed by the SCA. This will reveal the type and amount of technical support needed to achieve conformity to the SCA's clinical practice recommendations. The data will allow officials to devise the proper training programs and will predict quality improvements likely to be achieved through adoption of the SCA in terms of effective case treatment and fewer missed immunization opportunities. Preliminary analysis indicates that the primary health care delivery in Siya deviates in several significant respects from performance standards (not counting respirations in the presence of a cough as the primary complaint, not checking for dehydration in cases of diarrhea, and checking immunization records in only 51% of the 235 cases observed). The report is scheduled for completion in early 1994 and will likely provide data vital to the successful adoption of the SCA.
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PMID:QAP collaborates in development of the sick child algorithm. 1234 42

Rarely in the history of medicine has an X-linked mental retardation syndrome so thoroughly entered every branch of medicine, at least of pediatrics, but also of internal medicine, on account of its protean manifestations. In such countries as Zambia, malaria, tuberculosis, HIV, and other infections diseases, and many environmental and nutritional disorders still top the list of childhood morbidity and mortality. However, in the more developed nations of the Old and New Worlds, prematurity, birth defects, and genetic conditions constitute the major burden of infant mortality adn chronic childhood handicaps. One of the most pervasive of these is the group of FG syndromes seen in every pediatric clinic and mental health service. Thus, in our experience FGS emerges as the most common yet the least known developmental disabilities condition in our society. FGS imposes a tremendous burden of morbidity, and to some extent also of mortality, on society and families. After successful neonatal adaptation, such recurring problems as otitis, reactive airway disease, and constipation can be routinely treated symptomatically. However, the neurodevelopmental burden represents the greatest challenge that FGS presents for families and to society. Under the best of circumstances, motor and speech development catch up. However, virtually all FGS children, boys and girls, have difficulties in psychologic development, school performance, and ultimate emotional adaptation to adult life and social integration. The many such cases added to those with outright psychiatric disturbances are overwhelming social, psychologic, and psychiatric services and, above all, public and private school systems, which are understaffed, under-funded, beyond formulating individual educational plans, and helpless to deal with the enormous burden of special service needs of these children. It's time that handicapped children receive care according to needs and not according to diagnosis. However, the near absence of information on FGS available to these professionals is a handicap in arriving at a specific diagnosis (allowing state and federal support for special services) and in understanding the prognosis, natural history, and such complications as "autism," seizures, and tethered cord that affect the child's success at home, in school, and out in society. The FGS parent support group has been of enormous help in informing families about all of these "issues," and to this day remains the greatest repository of knowledge on FGS. As they say in baseball, it is time at long last for the professionals "to step up to the plate."
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PMID:The FG syndromes (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 305450): perspective in 2008. 1904 30

Members of the Prosopis genus are native to America, Africa and Asia, and have long been used in traditional medicine. The Prosopis species most commonly used for medicinal purposes are P. africana, P. alba, P. cineraria, P. farcta, P. glandulosa, P. juliflora, P. nigra, P. ruscifolia and P. spicigera, which are highly effective in asthma, birth/postpartum pains, callouses, conjunctivitis, diabetes, diarrhea, expectorant, fever, flu, lactation, liver infection, malaria, otitis, pains, pediculosis, rheumatism, scabies, skin inflammations, spasm, stomach ache, bladder and pancreas stone removal. Flour, syrup, and beverages from Prosopis pods have also been potentially used for foods and food supplement formulation in many regions of the world. In addition, various in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed interesting antiplasmodial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic and wound healing effects. The phytochemical composition of Prosopis plants, namely their content of C-glycosyl flavones (such as schaftoside, isoschaftoside, vicenin II, vitexin and isovitexin) has been increasingly correlated with the observed biological effects. Thus, given the literature reports, Prosopis plants have positive impact on the human diet and general health. In this sense, the present review provides an in-depth overview of the literature data regarding Prosopis plants' chemical composition, pharmacological and food applications, covering from pre-clinical data to upcoming clinical studies.
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PMID:Prosopis Plant Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Attributes: Targeting Clinical Studies from Preclinical Evidence. 3177 78