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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During this period, malaria, pneumonia, dysentery and enteritis, and acute infectious diseases, including plague, typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, smallpox, infectious epidemic meningitis, malaria, tsutsugamushi and endemic diseases such as goitre were the important causes of death. In parasitology, the most important discovery was lung fluke, followed by research achievement in clinical and basic sciences. In Taiwan, studies on poisonous snake were proceeded rather early. The special medical system in this period included the Gynecological Hospital and medical insurance system. In the medical staff, not a few Japanese were included. Dr. Du Congming, who made great contributions to medicine in Taiwan, may be viewed as the father of medicine in Taiwan. A Journal of Taiwan Medical Association was published in Taiwan by the said Association.
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PMID:[Medicine in Taiwan during the period of Japanese occupation]. 1161 76

All patients admitted with provisional diagnosis of an encephalitic illness over a period of 30 months, were studied. Special investigations included CSF analysis, EEG, CT scan and MRI. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) antibody estimation in CSF and blood was done simultaneously using ELISA. Patients with diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis, cerebral malaria, tubercular meningitis etc, who resembled herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), were excluded systematically with relevant investigations. 28 patients showed electroencephalographic, serologic and/or neuroradiological evidence of herpes simplex encephalitis. Males were affected more than females. Age ranged from 4 years to 65 years. Main clinical features included altered sensorium (100%) and seizures (89%). Serological test for HSV antibody in CSF and blood was positive in 14 patients. Fronto-temporal localisation was seen in EEG of 18 patients. CT and MRI were fairly characteristic with bilateral asymmetric fronto-temporal lesions. Patients with mild disease and who reported earlier responded well to treatment with acyclovir. Mortality was higher if treatment was delayed or if the disease was severe. Delayed treatment even in less severe cases produced neurological deficit in many survivors. Despite limitations of non-availability of CSF-PCR and serial estimation of HSV antibodies, the study is an attempt to highlight the value of high index of suspicion of HSE on clinical grounds, systematically excluding cases with different aetiologies resembling HSE and planning early antiviral therapy to reduce both mortality and morbidity associated with this fatal disease.
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PMID:Herpes simplex encephalitis in North West India. 1179 8

The director general of the World Health Organization (WHO), Hiroshi Nakajima, in an interview following a two-day visit to Rwanda stressed the need to restore safe blood transfusion services to prevent the spread of AIDS as well as distribution of essential drugs and vaccines. According to WHO, health facilities were looted, while 75% of the more than 5000 health workers fled or were killed since ethnic violence broke out April 6, 1994. Fighting between the majority Hutu-led government and Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front claimed more than 500,000 lives and forced more than two million people to seek refuge in neighboring countries. The WHO will provide training, equipment, and laboratory supplies in order to strengthen epidemiological monitoring of preventable epidemic diseases like cholera, dysentery, acute respiratory infections, meningitis, tuberculosis, and malaria. Of particular concern, was the need to monitor systematically forms of cholera and bacillary dysentery which has the ability to change its resistance to different antibiotics A dysentery epidemic has already claimed thousands of lives in refugee camps in Tanzania, Zaire and Rwanda. War and massive population displacements have dramatically increased transmission of HIV, as HIV prevalence was about 30% in Kigali among women and up to 50% among soldiers. Before the war, HIV infection rates ranged from 20 to 30% among the urban population and less than 10% in rural areas. More than 200,000 persons were already infected with HIV in Rwanda in 1992. The WHO will provide blood transfusion kits to ensure collection, testing and transfusion of blood. It will also train 60 blood transfusion technicians. The WHO will help to supply the management system of the Central Rwandan Pharmaceutical Office and provide essential drugs and vaccines to supplement stocks supplied by international donors. Nakajima appealed to both the international community and Africa to help Rwanda.
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PMID:Prevention of disease the answer. 1228 13

Fever is often an indication of a serious illness in children. In areas endemic to malaria, hospital workers should check a febrile child for malaria parasites. Children with a fever associated with meningitis or malaria need immediate attention. To diagnose meningitis: microscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture is the only reliable method. If a febrile child also has a stiff neck, health workers should immediately administer antibiotic treatment without waiting for the results of the lumbar puncture. If available and in epidemic situations, oily chloramphenicol may be administered, since it is effective in a single dose. Treatment with other antibiotics should last for 10 days in children and 14-21 days for young infants. To diagnose malaria in endemic areas: laboratory technicians should examine thick and thin blood films of sick children with fever. Health workers must consider as medical emergencies children who have a slide positive for malaria parasites plus severe anemia, hypoglycemia, deep rapid breathing, any indication of kidney malfunction or failure, or altered consciousness. They should begin antimalarial treatment with quinine, the drug of choice for severe and complicated malaria. In cases of convulsions lasting longer than 5 minutes, health workers should administer anticonvulsants and take actions to prevent aspiration pneumonia. If the fever persists for 14 days or if the child does not emerge from unconsciousness and someone in the family has active tuberculosis, health workers should consider tuberculous meningitis. If a child with malaria has low hemoglobin levels (5 g/dl) and many malaria parasites in the blood and is in heart failure, a blood transfusion (15-20 ml/kg whole blood over 4 hours) and infusion of 1 mg/kg fursemide (to prevent cardiac failure) are needed. If the preceding case has pulmonary edema, a single dose of fursemide at the same dosage is needed to prevent overloading of the circulation. Health workers should closely monitor that intravenous fluids not exacerbate brain swelling.
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PMID:Managing meningitis and severe malaria. 1229 72

While addressing a public audience at Tamale Regional Hospital on the last stage of a 2-day tour of cerebro-spinal meningitis (CSM) endemic areas of the Northern Region, President Jerry John Rawlings called for concerted efforts to promote preventive health in a bid to reduce government expenditure upon health care. For example, measures should be taken to quickly clean up communities before the arrival of the rainy season and its burden of malaria and cholera cases fostered by otherwise unsanitary conditions. While it costs only 2000 cents to immunize someone against CSM, it costs 67,000-96,000 cents to treat each person with the disease. People will hopefully come to understand what causes CSM and other diseases. On a positive note, improvements in logistics and disease surveillance have reduced the case fatality rate from 75% to 7%; interdepartmental collaboration raised both community awareness upon the need to immunize and the overall coverage rate; and the number of CSM cases has fallen. The government will focus seriously upon the Savelugu community's perennial water shortage. Travellers across West African borders are urged to take all necessary precautions against CSM due to its spread within the sub-region.
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PMID:Let's promote preventive health -- President Rawlings. 1232 9

The unexpected occurrence of a fever higher than 38 degrees Celsius at least twice in 48 hours after childbirth is a common problem. A well-executed clinical examination of a patient with a high fever is necessary to determine the origin of the infection. It is necessary to remain vigilant because it could be a sign of severe infection threatening a mother's life. The fever can sometimes remain moderate while the infection progresses at lightning speed. This is especially the case in weak patients (e.g., those with tuberculosis, AIDS, or malnutrition); thus it will be necessary to keep an attentive eye on them. Major causes to be familiar with and to recognize include malaria (always to be considered), uterine infection (the most common postpartum infection), kidney infection, tender breasts, pneumonia, meningitis, or appendicitis. Things health workers should consider if they suspect uterine infection are birth history, endometritis, and the fact that, in the absence of treatment, the infection can spread to the Fallopian tubes and eventually to the general circulation (septicemia). Special cases include uterine infections accompanied by retention of placental debris or membranes, fever after abortion, and fever after cesarean section. Health workers must consider all cases of retention, even those without a fever, as a potential infection. They must administer antibiotic treatment within 5 days after emptying the uterus. The treatment of choice for fever following an abortion is 3 g ampicillin for 7 days. In cases of infection after an abortion, health workers should consider uterine perforation and retention. Fever usually occurs 4-5 days after a cesarean section. Antibiotic treatment is usually necessary.
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PMID:[Postpartum infections]. 1234 37

The spectrum of movement disorders in the tropics is different from that seen in the industrialized nations of the west. This is not surprising given the unique combination of environmental and population characteristics in the tropics. Infections seldom encountered in the west such as tuberculous meningitis, typhoid fever, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, trypanosomiasis or cysticercosis are often seen in the tropics and with global patterns of travel and immigration these conditions are becoming more common worldwide. Movement disorders associated with these infections, HIV, slow virus and prion disease are discussed. Taking into account the diverse etiologies of movement disorders in the tropics, movement disorders with a nutritional basis such as the infantile tremor syndrome, seasonal ataxia and tropical ataxic neuropathy, and manganese neurotoxicity are also reviewed. Finally, certain special characteristics of ubiquitous disorders such as Parkinson's disease, and disorders with a genetic basis such as Wilson's disease and spinocerebellar degeneration are described.
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PMID:Movement disorders in the tropics. 1247 95

This article reviews causes of cognitive impairment in children with a focus on those in developing countries. The number of children with cognitive limitations is increasing, and for the majority there is little access to professional expertise. Causes include malnutrition, genetic diseases, infectious diseases such as meningitis, parasites, and cerebral malaria, in utero drug and alcohol exposure, newborn asphyxia, low birth weight, head injuries, and endocrine disorders. Many of these are preventable; however, resources for prevention are limited in most developing areas of the world. The challenge for this century is to encourage community leaders and government officials to take on the prevention of cognitive impairment as the highest priority for society. This article proposes that specialists in child behavior and development work with United Nations agencies to develop a "world cognitive impairment watch" to assess and assist each country annually in terms of risk factors, prevention programs, and early intervention programs.
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PMID:Effects on brain development leading to cognitive impairment: a worldwide epidemic. 1269 58

A retrospective study of 100 Malawian children (87 with malaria and 13 with a diagnosis other than malaria) was conducted to determine the relationship between levels of metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and disease outcome. Three metabolites were measured: quinolinic acid (QA), an excitotoxin; kynurenic acid (KA), a neuroprotective receptor antagonist; and picolinic acid (PA), a proinflammatory mediator. Elevated levels of QA and PA in CSF were associated with a fatal outcome in Malawian children with cerebral malaria (CM). QA was associated with a history of convulsions. An increase in the QArcolon;KA ratio, which favors neurotoxicity, was observed only in the 3 patients with tuberculosis meningitis. Compared with Vietnamese adults with malaria, Malawian children with malaria had higher concentrations of KA. Elevated levels of KA in children with CM may serve to contain injury in the developing brain, which is more susceptible to excitotoxic damage than is the adult brain.
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PMID:Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. 1296 15

A 3 year review of neurologic admissions into the adult medical wards at the UCH, Ibadan, Nigeria between January 1998 and December 2000 is presented. The study design involved the scrutiny of the records of all the neurological admissions, male and female to the medical ward. The identified cases were then classified and only cases confirmed as neurological were further analysed. Stroke, predominantly non-hemorrhagic accounted for 50.4% of cases for the period of study. Stroke is therefore the most common cause of adult neurologic admissions on medical wards of UCH. Central nervous system infections, comprising mainly of tetanus and meningitis accounted for 14.2% (111) and 12.4% (97) of case respectively. The myelopathies were the cause of neurologic admissions in 8.1% (63) of cases followed by seizure disorders. Headache was the reason for admission in 0.9% (7) of cases. Parkinsons disease, hypertensive encephalopathy, Guillian Barne syndrome, seasonal ataxic neuropathy, cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis, normal pressure hydrocephalus were rarely the cause of admission. Similarly, dystonia, and cerebral malaria recorded 0.13% (1) of cases each. A case is made for the establishment of regional stroke units in Nigeria.
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PMID:A 3-year review of neurologic admissions in University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria. 1452 26


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