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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors give a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis and current therapy of parasitic infections with CNS manifestations in both the normal and immunocompromised host. These include toxoplasmosis, malaria, amebiasis, neurocystcersosis, hydatid disease, and trichinosis. Additional sections cover disseminated strongyloidiasis, eosinophilic meningitis, visceral and ocular larva migrans, schistosomiasis, and cerebral paragonimiasis. Emphasis is on the neurologic complications of these diseases and their presentations in populations at increased risk for acquiring or reactivating these infections.
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PMID:Parasitic infections of the central nervous system. 352 1

An analysis is presented of data on all 30 129 inpatient admissions to a mission hospital in the West Nile District of Uganda in the 27 year period from July 1951 to August 1978. For most of this period the hospital was staffed by the same two doctors. For each patient admitted, a record was made of their age (adult or child), sex, place of residence, duration of stay in hospital, diagnosis and vital status at discharge. The annual number of admissions increased steadily from around 300 in 1952 to over 1600 in 1966 and subsequently declined to about 900 in 1977. Sixty-five per cent of admissions were medical, 12% surgical, 11% obstetric and 9% gynaecological. Thirty per cent of admissions were children (aged 0-9 years). Forty-five per cent of admissions were from those resident in the same county as the hospital and another 20% were from an immediately adjacent county. Infective and parasitic conditions (including respiratory diseases) accounted for over 60% of admissions among children and over 38% of admissions among adults (excluding obstetric patients). The six most common causes of admission were: uncomplicated delivery (2308 admissions), pneumonia (2020), hookworm (1999), malaria (1806), schistosomiasis (1742) and diarrhoea (1041). In total 1960 deaths were recorded (6.5% of all admissions). High case fatality rates were observed for tetanus (61%), immaturity (54%), meningitis (38%), kwashiorkor (21%), other malnutrition (19%) and anaemia (19%). A striking increase in the number of admissions for measles was observed in the period 1976 to 1978. Admission rates for schistosomiasis (S. mansoni) appeared to be highest from counties adjacent to the Nile and 104 deaths were recorded among the 1742 patients with this as the primary diagnosis. Admissions for diabetes, as a percentage of all admissions increased from 0.2% in 1951-54 to 1.5% at the end of the study period. Marked seasonal variations in admission patterns were found for diarrhoea, measles, meningitis and respiratory infections, the last two, but not diarrhoea, being most common in the wettest months. Admissions for malaria showed no strong seasonal associations. Despite the limitations of hospital-based data, it is argued that the data analysed provide a reasonable indication of the important causes of severe morbidity and mortality in the district. Furthermore, some of the changes in admission patterns over time are likely to represent true changes in disease rates rather than artefacts of diagnosis or referral. The analyses presented indicate the value of simple record systems, carefully maintained.
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PMID:Admissions to a rural hospital in the West Nile District of Uganda over a 27 year period. 378 13

P. falciparum malaria was cultured in vitro in the presence of sera from patients with cerebral malaria, meningitis and also after chloroquine administration. Intra-erythrocytic parasite damage was seen by light and electron microscopy. The significance of the results is discussed with relevance to non-specific immune mechanisms, and the damage induced by these mechanisms compared with that from chloroquine.
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PMID:The development and ultrastructure of Plasmodium falciparum damaged in vitro by human "crisis" sera and by chloroquine. 389 6

The findings in 138 children attending a neurology clinic in Uganda are presented. In contrast with findings in developed countries, only 25 had an abnormal birth and history dating from birth compared with 63 who had a normal birth and early development with symptoms of postnatal onset. The commonest mode of onset in the postnatal period was a catastrophic, feverish illness. Effective and usually easily achieved drug control of epilepsy and hyperkinesis enabled most parents to cope with disabled children. Simple explanation to parents and teachers can reduce the rejection and educational retardation associated with epilepsy.Primary prevention lies in earlier diagnosis and treatment of cerebral malaria, meningitis, and encephalitis and improved obstetric services. Secondary prevention requires closer follow-up of potentially brain-damaged children and the education of doctors in neurological and behavioural assessment and the more efficient treatment of epilepsy and hyperkinesis.
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PMID:Paediatric neurology in Africa: a Ugandan report. 501 52

This lecture, a memorial to Joseph E. Smadel, reviews the involvement of the military in the development and use of immunizing materials. Smallpox and smallpox immunization in the military and the development and present status of immunization against typhoid, cholera, yellow fever, typhus, tetanus, diphtheria, plague, influenza, adenovirus, meningitis, rubella, and malaria are reviewed. Dr. Smadel's personal contributions to the significant achievements of the military program to civilian practice are emphasized.
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PMID:Immunization and military medicine. 636 77

The child in Nigeria is loved and pampered but food may be scarce or inadequate in nutrients, and he/she has overcrowding and poor sanitation to deal with as well as a maze of conflicting and hybrid values and way of life. Statistics show that in black Africa 1 child out of 5 will survive up to his 5th birthday. The infant mortality rate is high primarily because of inadequate nutrition and communicable diseases. The 10 most common diseases in Africa from 4 sample countries, i.e., Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda, and Kenya are: malaria; gastroenteritis, measles; respiratory tract infections; malnutrition; intestinal worm, anemias; tetanus; meningitis; and tuberuclosis. All these diseases are preventable, but prevention is more difficult because there are few health workers and inadequate facilities. 80 pediatricians and a few unrecognized pediatric trained nurses look after about 40 million children in Nigeria. Nutrition plays a prominent role in both growth and development. Local food may be plentiful but some families are unable to balance their diets. There is malnutrition or undernutrition because of ignorance, poverty, and feeding habits. In Africa the effect of malnutrition is most marked during weaning. In a traditional African society a child does not lack for love and affection. There are no unwanted pregnancies, no motherless children, no unmarried women, for the extended family system absorbs many of these shocks. The circumstances of the family are related to the incidence of child abuse, which is increasing. Children are used as cheap labor by both parents and guardians. In the current 5-year development plan, the government is making a bold step in health care. Some of the major goals of this 4th 5-year development plan in health care delivery include: rapid expansion of facilities to achieve 100% primary health care coverage by the year 2000; emphasizing preventive care; decentralization so that the local government areas are implementation units; modification of the health care system to suit local conditions and resources; and crash training programs for various health personnel. Suggestions of this author include the following: the full implementation of the health plan; education; school health service; the provision of school children with 1 balanced meal per school day; the preparation of inexpensive baby foods with local foodstuff demonstrated to mothers' groups; and the development of day care centers.
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PMID:Nigeria: child health. 655 Mar 10

The archipelago of Vanuatu is located in the South-West Pacific at 2,000 km, East of Australia. The so-called "current" pathology is similar to the one met in Europe. Because of its geographical location, a tropical pathology is to be found with a prevalence of Malaria, intestinal nematodoses and filariases ( Wuchereria bancrofti). Leprosy , dengue, ciguatera, eosinophilic meningitis as well as Tokeleau bring its originality to this pathology.
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PMID:[Pathology in the Republic of Vanuatu]. 660 81

Childhood hyperpyrexia is associated with serious infections particularly bronchopneumonia, infective diarrhoea, meningitis, measles, urinary tract infections, otitis media, septicemia and sickle cell crisis Hyperpyrexia was found most in children aged 6-12 months followed by children aged 12-18 months. Hyperpyrexia occurred least in children aged 2-6 months. Febrile convulsion was associated with 38% of the cases. Malaria was a cause of convulsion in 27% of children with fever. This appears to contrast earlier reports by Lennox (1953) and Familusi (1971). The study confirms the rarity of hyperpyrexia in children aged 3 months and under. Deaths recorded were in children brought at the late stages of their ill health. Intensive health education is recommended to obviate unnecessary death of children through ignorance and poor knowledge of simple first aid measures.
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PMID:Childhood hyperpyrexia in Benin City, Nigeria. 709 25

A survey is given of the occurrence of communicable diseases in the Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West) in 1979. The epidemiological situation was dominated by salmonellosis, infectious hepatitis, scarlet fever, and meningitis. There was a striking increase in imported tropical diseases, such as malaria and leprosy. Poliomyelitis continued to decrease. There was an insignificant number of influenza cases in the winter 79/80. Due to the coming into force of the Amendment of the Federal Communicable Diseases Act on 1 January 1980 the obligation to notify communicable diseases has been changed in some respects. Moreover, the statistical data on communicable diseases have been collected and published only quarterly.
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PMID:[The epidemiologic situation of infectious disease in West Germany in 1979]. 721 10

Severe anemia has remained a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children of Southern Ghana since the early 1960s. Cases of anemia and anemia-associated mortality in the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH), Accra, that occurred from January to December 1991 were reviewed. Data on hemoglobin levels, hypochromia, and malaria parasitemia of children referred from January to December 1991 were collected and analyzed to determine the prevalence of moderate/severe malaria parasitemia, anemia, and severe anemia. 10,989 (71.1%) of 15,450 children attending KBTH referred to the laboratory for hematological studies had hemoglobin (Hb) levels below 11.0 g/dl; while 3049 children (27.7%) of anemic patients had Hb levels below 7.0 g/dl. Of these 3049 children with severe anemia, 2185 (71.7%) had Hb levels below 5.0 g/dl, thus requiring urgent blood transfusion. Though the Department of Child Health alone utilized 32.2% of total blood processed by the National Blood Transfusion Service at KBTH, as many as 259 (58.1%) of the 554 deaths (306 male and 248 female) in the emergency room in children beyond the neonatal period were related to severe anemia. The main causes were nutritional anemia (n = 135), anemia associated with severe malaria (n = 56), anemia associated with sickle cell disease (n = 28), anemia associated with protein-energy malnutrition (n = 22), and 18 cases of anemia complicating gastroenteritis, pneumonia, meningitis, and convulsions. 108 (19.5%) deaths occurred because of neonatal sepsis, severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, meningitis and bronchopneumonia, severe anemia secondary to hemorrhage of the newborn, and faulty cord ligation. A significant decline occurred in the prevalence of childhood anemia in the developed world following improved counseling in nutrition, fortification of foods with iron, and iron supplementation to infants and schoolchildren with the attendant improvement in growth velocity and intellectual performance. A planned national anemia survey and early consideration of iron supplementation to older infants and preschool children at risk are recommended.
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PMID:Childhood deaths from anaemia in Accra, Ghana. 749 16


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