Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, malaria was endemic in many areas of the United States. Although indigenous transmission was interrupted by the 1940s, recent outbreaks in New Jersey, New York, and Texas have underscored the potential for reintroduction of mosquitoborne transmission of malaria in the United States. This report summarizes the investigation of a case of Plasmodium vivax malaria diagnosed during September 1995 in a resident of Michigan with no history of international travel; the findings of the investigation indicated that the route of transmission was probably through the bite of a locally infected Anopheles spp. mosquito.
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PMID:Mosquito-transmitted malaria--Michigan, 1995. 860 82

The first case of psychosis due to Plasmodium vivax malaria, imported from India is reported. A 44-year-old Trinidadian male presented with fever, and psychotic episodes in association with vivax malaria. The symptoms of both malaria and psychosis were resolved following the standard chloroquine-primaquine therapy.
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PMID:A case of vivax malaria presenting with psychosis. 869 39

The presence of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in the New World has been suspected but not confirmed. We report the cases of three patients who acquired vivax malaria in Guyana, South America, and for whom standard chloroquine therapy (25 mg/kg) failed despite therapeutic blood levels. The optimal treatment of chloroquine-resistant P. vivax malaria is unknown, but recent studies suggest that a combination of chloroquine (25 mg/kg) and high-dose primaquine (2.5 mg/kg over 48 hours) is effective therapy. Two of our patients had recurrences of P. vivax malaria 6-8 weeks after receiving directly observed therapy with this combination. These cases confirm the presence of chloroquine-resistant P. vivax in Guyana and emphasize the need for better treatment regimens for chloroquine-resistant and primaquine-resistant P. vivax malaria.
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PMID:Failure of combined chloroquine and high-dose primaquine therapy for Plasmodium vivax malaria acquired in Guyana, South America. 892 22

Vivax malaria is the most frequent among imported malaria in Japan, comprising about 60% of the total cases. Usually, after the acute phase therapy, e.g. with chloroquine, patients with vivax malaria are treated with the standard course of primaquine, i.e. 15 mg base/day for 14 days, as curative therapy. Recently, however, cases of relapse of vivax malaria after this standard primaquine therapy were reported from various countries and were also encountered in Japan. This report showed that the relapse after the standard primaquine therapy occurred most frequently in the cases acquired in Papua New Guinea, followed by Indonesia and Thailand. In contrast, the relapse rate of the cases acquired in India was low. Most of the relapsed cases were successfully treated with either of the regimens 1) 30 mg/ day for 7 days, 2) 2 courses of the standard primaquine therapy given 1 month apart or 3) 15 mg/ day for 21 days, without noticeable side effects. It is imperative to establish the most appropriate regimen with primaquine for the curative treatment of vivax malaria contracted in the areas mentioned above.
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PMID:[A study of relapsed cases of vivax malaria after the standard primaquine therapy]. 895 70

We report a patient with Plasmodium vivax malaria that was acquired in Cairns in October 1996. Rather than being "introduced" (i.e., derived from an imported case), we believe this is likely to have been a case of "airport malaria" (i.e., acquired from an infected mosquito imported in an aircraft). It is, to our knowledge, the first report of airport malaria in Australia.
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PMID:Airport malaria in Cairns. 908 88

A 28-year-old woman developed puerperal endomyometritis and tertian malaria simultaneously. She delivered her child by vacuum extraction during week 41 of pregnancy in September 1994. The peripartal period was uneventful. Nine days post partum the patient was readmitted to hospital with fever and pain in the area of the episiotomy. On day 13 post partum a hysterectomy was performed because of suspected abscess-forming endomyometritis. Two days after the hysterectomy the patient developed septic temperatures, which persisted for 10 days. Tertian malaria due to Plasmodium vivax was found to be the cause of fever. The patient had been in Indonesia without anti-malarial prophylaxis in 1991. Two years later she travelled to Ghana, having taken mefloquine as prophylaxis. Malaria was obviously caused by reactivated hypnozoites in the liver, although the patient had never had an episode of fever associated with malaria before. This case proves that tertian malaria may "recur" even without previous manifestation, years after a stay in a region endemic for malaria.
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PMID:Postpartal endomyometritis in a case of unknown tertian malaria. 918 89

Clinical immunity to malaria was studied by quantifying the intensity of symptoms as well as by measurement of several hematologic indicators of pathology (the erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], serum bilirubin, reticulocyte count, plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha], and blood glucose levels) in 39 Plasmodium vivax malaria patients exposed to endemic malaria in southern Sri Lanka, and for comparison in 43 nonimmune patients who were residents of nonmalarious regions of the country. The intensity of 11 symptoms was scored numerically in all patients using a questionnaire. This clinical score was validated by introducing internal controls to the questionnaire, and by correlating it with the underlying pathology. Both the intensity of clinical disease as well as the degree of underlying pathology were found to be significantly lower in endemic area patients (mean clinical score = 8.8, median ESR = 8 mm) compared with the nonendemic area patients (mean clinical score = 19.0, median ESR 31.5 mm). Endemic area patients also had lower parasite densities (mean = 0.06%) than those from the nonendemic area (0.12%) (P < 0.05). However, at any parasite density, both clinical disease and pathology were significantly less in the endemic area patients (P < 0.001, for both clinical score and ESR), indicating that the clinical immunity seen in the endemic area patients was a true tolerance of parasites. Although plasma TNF-alpha levels were elevated in both groups of patients, they were significantly higher in the nonendemic area patients than in patients from the endemic area (P < 0.01). Furthermore, at comparable levels of plasma TNF-alpha, nonendemic area patients had both a higher intensity of clinical disease and an underlying pathology than those from the endemic area, suggesting that if TNF-alpha is indeed a mediator of clinical disease, the endemic area patients may be tolerant to its effects. Hypoglycemia was not observed in any of these P. vivax patients despite some with high levels of plasma TNF-alpha.
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PMID:Demonstration of anti-disease immunity to Plasmodium vivax malaria in Sri Lanka using a quantitative method to assess clinical disease. 950 5

Two cases of Plasmodium vivax malaria acquired in the Torres Strait during 1997 are reported. The source of infection could not be firmly established but two possibilities are discussed. Anopheline mosquitoes are present in the Torres Strait, and malaria is frequently imported from Papua New Guinea (PNG), thus transmission by local mosquitoes poses an ongoing threat. However, in this particular location, Badu Island, no recent importation of malaria was identified and mosquito surveillance demonstrated low numbers of anopheline species at the time and for the preceding two years. These cases could also feasibly be explained by a variant of 'baggage malaria' in which mosquitoes already infected with the malaria parasite were imported from PNG in one of the small boats that regularly make this journey. These cases serve as a reminder to health care providers in northern Australia to consider the diagnosis of malaria in patients presenting with a febrile illness.
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PMID:Malaria acquired in the Torres Strait. 950 41

The persistence of malarial antibodies was evaluated in subjects living in a rural community (in Minas Gerais State, Brazil) briefly exposed to a Plasmodium vivax malaria outbreak outside of the area in which malaria was endemic. Transmission was interrupted by treatment of all patients and their relatives and/or neighbors, although the latter had neither symptoms nor blood parasites. Antibodies to P. vivax antigens (recombinant proteins from sporozoites [rPvCS] and from blood stages [rPv200]) were measured in parallel by ELISA with sera collected at two time points after transmission. Anti-rPvCS IgG antibodies were positive in approximately 40% and 20% of the subjects 8 months and 7 years after exposure, respectively. Anti-rPv200 IgG was first detected in 61% of the subjects who had had malarial symptoms and remained positive in 47% after 7 years. Among the prophylactically treated group, anti-rPv200 IgG was detected in only 28% after 8 months. The levels of both antibodies decreased with time in all positive subjects.
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PMID:Persistence of humoral response against sporozoite and blood-stage malaria antigens 7 years after a brief exposure to Plasmodium vivax. 953

The etiology of malnutrition was investigated in a cohort of all 1511 children under 10 years of age living in 13 villages in the island of Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, where malaria is endemic. 18% of children under 5 years were underweight, 5% were wasted, and 20% were stunted. The mean weight-for-age Z score for the 1114 children resident in hyperendemic villages was significantly lower (-0.99) than that of the 397 children living in the mesoendemic area (-0.77). According to multiple logistic regression analysis, the only factors significantly associated with wasting in the hyperendemic area were age under 5 years (odds ratio (OR), 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-2.9) and 1 or more episodes of clinical Plasmodium vivax malaria in the 6 months preceding nutritional assessment (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.4). Only male sex and low birth weight were significantly associated with stunting. The incidence of P. vivax infection in the 6 months preceding the survey was significantly higher in underweight compared to non-underweight children (relative risk (RR), 2.6; 95% CI, 1.5-4.4). The incidence of P. falciparum malaria was not significantly different between groups, suggesting that this is not a major cause of malnutrition on the island. Wasting neither predisposed to nor protected against malaria of either species. Although P. vivax malaria is generally regarded as benign, it may produce substantial global mortality through malnutrition.
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PMID:Plasmodium vivax: a cause of malnutrition in young children. 953 39


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