Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunomodulators, whether natural (polysaccharides) or industrial (non-hemolytic detergents) proved active by themselves, in preventive or curative schemes of experimental leprosy and malaria. However, their activity was most often increased, through joint administration with chemotherapeutic agents.
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PMID:[Effects of anti-infectious immunomodulators in leprosy and malaria in the mouse]. 637 Apr 79

Insights gained by a group of American maternal and child helath (MCH) care nurses during a 1983 exchange tour to Kenya, sponsored by Professional Seminar Counsultants, are decribed. Kenya is a poor, predominantly rural country. The annual population growth rate is 4.1%, and 60% of the population is under the age of 16. The government's annual per capita health expenditure is only US$4, there is little emphasis on pediatrics as a speciality, and the linguistic diversity of the population complicates the delivery of health care services. As a result of these factors, the MCH care system in Kenya differed markedly from the systems observed in previous exchange tours to China and the USSR. Kenya's population is served by a variety of government, private, and missionary hospitals and by government health centers. The health centers are staffed by 2 nurses and 2 assistants who provide maternity, family planning, and immunization services. The staff also diagnoses and treats common illnesses. Service are provided free for patients under the age of 16, and minimal fees are collected from older patients. The largest hospital in the country is the 1600 bed, Joma Kenyatta National hospital which employs 900 nurses and serves as a refereal hospital for complicated cases and as a teaching and research center. 42% of the hospital staff nurses are registered nurses and 58% are enrolled nurses. Disease patterns in Kenya and the US are markedly different. In Kenya, infectious diseases are more common than chronic diseases, and amony children the major causes of death are starvation, measles, whooping cough, malaria, tubercluosis, and diarrhea. Marasmus and protein calorie deficiency are the 2 major types of childhood malnutrition found in Kenya. Nurses frequently provide health education services and even teach mothers how to grow nutritious foods for their children. Rh incompatibility is rare in Kenya, but ABO incompatibility is common. Othr common diseases, raraly found in temperate climates, include Burkitt's lymphoma, leprosy, and tropical ataxic neuropathies. The visiting nurses were at 1st shocked by some of the practices and customs they observed; however, as they learned more about the rationall behind these practices, shock gave way to appreciation. Children's wards lacked playthings, the walls were devoid of pictures, and the rooms were sparsely furnished. The lack of material items, however, was more than compensated for by the rich stimuli provided family members and friends, who not only visited the chilren, but performed a variety of nursing tasks. The family centered approach also provided a sense of security for the patients. A Masai paramedic explained how the custom of polygamy ensures adherence to the 2-year postpartum sexual taboo which, in turn, facilitates prolonged breast feeding. The nurses also became acquainted with the social value of adolescent circumcision rites. These rites are illegal but still performed in many rural areas. The rites are physically painful, but they provide a mechanism for easing the transition from adolescent to adult status. The rites help young people assume measningful roles in the society and provide them with clearly specified identities. As a result, adolescent suicide is rara among the rural villagers.
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PMID:Health care in Africa. 646 42

In Niger, the infectious risk is of real concern in the field of the pathology of the adult, mainly caused by the major endemic diseases: Parasitic diseases such as malaria, bilharziasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis and recently visceral leishmaniasis, Bacterial diseases such as enterobacterial diseases, amibiasis, meningococcal diseases, tuberculosis, leprosy and treponematosis, Virus diseases such as arbovirus diseases and probably viral hepatitis. On the whole, the rate of occurrence and prevalence are not more significant than those in the neighbouring countries. On the other hand, diseases prevailing all over the world do not save the indigenous. Some recent hospital statistics demonstrate that the disease of the liver and the digestive system (28.8 pc), the respiratory diseases (16.49 pc), and the cardiovascular diseases (14.63 pc) are prevalent.
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PMID:[The danger of infection and common medical pathology among adults in the Sahel. Niger as an example]. 648 27

The archipelago of Vanuatu is located in the South-West Pacific at 2,000 km, East of Australia. The so-called "current" pathology is similar to the one met in Europe. Because of its geographical location, a tropical pathology is to be found with a prevalence of Malaria, intestinal nematodoses and filariases ( Wuchereria bancrofti). Leprosy , dengue, ciguatera, eosinophilic meningitis as well as Tokeleau bring its originality to this pathology.
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PMID:[Pathology in the Republic of Vanuatu]. 660 81

The past few years have witnessed renewed effort to develop new tools for the conquest of parasitic and other infectious tropical diseases. The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases was initiated by the WHO, following a resolution of the World Health Assembly calling for the intensification of research into tropical diseases. The Programme, co-sponsored by UNDP and the World Bank, has developed a network of activities with two inter-related objective: Research and development towards new and improved tools to control six tropical diseases; and Strengthening of national institutions, including training, to increase the research capabilities of the tropical countries effected by the diseases. The six target diseases are: malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis, trypanosomiasis (both African sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease), leishmaniasis and leprosy. Early scientific results include progress in chemotherapy for malaria, schistosomiasis and filariasis; in the developing and testing of a vaccine against leprosy; in the fundamental knowledge required to develop a vaccine against malaria; and in simple and accurate diagnostic field tests for malaria, leprosy and African trypanosomiasis. In addition, institution strengthening and training support, awarded exclusively to institutions and scientists of developing endemic countries, has increased rapidly. The programme has collaborated with other agencies which are active in this area and with the pharmaceutical industry. Additional scientists and institutions are involved in the planning, implementation and evaluation of the Programme.
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PMID:Recent advances in tropical diseases research. 668 65

The reasons for absenteeism during leprosy treatment were investigated in a rural area of southern India. 120 patients known as "absents" to most controls were first interviewed and the major causes for absenteeism thus determined. A questionnaire was then elaborated in view to reveal these principal causes with efficiency and was applied by 8 investigators to 1200 patients, mostly absents or irregular to medical visits. 620 were selected at random for computer analysis. Results suggest that anxiety for loss of income while attending the medical control and erroneous impression of cure as soon as skin lesions have improved could be of first importance. Nevertheless no relation appears between absenteeism and income level, number of persons depending on the patient, or type of leprosy. Adverse reactions attributed to DDS are also frequently reported, especially fever, because of confusion with leprosy reactions, malaria and any other febrile condition. Assiduity to medical visits could be determined during the year following this study in 1191 of the 1200 patients showing clear beneficial effect over this period.
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PMID:[Absenteeism during treatment for leprosy. Analysis of causes as apparent from a survey in southern India]. 681 53

Following an overview of the less developed countries (LDCs) and their health problems, attention is directed to what pharmaceutical companies have been doing to develop tropical disease medicinals: past and current programs for the development of pharmaceuticals; the relationship of pharmaceuticals to other health problems; criticisms of the pharmaceutical industry; problems and constraints in developing drugs by pharmaceutical firms, particularly for tropical diseases; and strengthening incentives to pursue tropical medicine research in the future. There are 31 countries in the less developed category and they have 4 things in common: poverty; a high birthrate; a young population, and a low life expectancy. At the top of the list of the major health problems in developing countries are malaria, diarrheal diseases, and malnutrition. For malaria, there is a need for something new for chloroquine resistant infections, but research looks promising. Meanwhile, the use of presently available medications in much of the world would go far towards alleviating suffering and death from this disease. For diarrheal diseases and malnutrition the principal problems lie elsewhere than with development of new pharmaceuticals. For tuberculosis and leprosy, the 4th and 5th major health problems, therapy has improved markedly in recent years, yet there is room for improvement. Of the sexually transmitted diseases, only for sexually transmitted herpes is the industry missing a solution. On balance, it seems clear that the need for new pharmaceuticals, although important, is not as critical as some of the other needs of the LDCs. If this individual is correct in maintaining that the most important problems in the LDCs are pure water, adequate food, basic sanitation, and a distribution system for already available pharmaceuticals, then the question is why is the drug industry singled out for so much criticism. The principal charges, which are discussed in detail, are as follows: inadequate research on the endemic diseases of the developing and least developed countries; the practice of "dumping" drugs in developing countries that do not sell or sell for different indications at home; labeling of products differently than in the US; permitting over the counter sales of drugs that a prescription only goods in the US; selling products whose stated expiration date has passed; and charging high prices and reaping excessive profits. The critics are the UN agencies, consumer groups, trade unions, and media writers. Much of what is said is in defense of the pharmaceutical industry. but shortcomings are also noted.
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PMID:The role of pharmaceuticals in the total health care of developing countries. 685 94

Health care problems are discussed by an employee of the Mozambican maternal and child health service. The most serious problems for children are malnutrition, infectious diseases, and a high incidence of illnesses in children under 5. The main objectives of health centers are to improve hygiene, combat tuberculosis, leprosy, and malaria as well as to provide maternal and child health care, including family planning. Trained staff advise pregnant women, and examine prospective mothers for anemia, malaria, and tetanus. Information on proper nutrition is provided, and every mother gets iron and folic acid pills, in addition to the antimalarial drug choloroquine. Incidences of tetanus in newborns have declined sharply in areas where a vaccination program has been carried out. By classifying the risk level of pregnant women, so-called "risk mothers" can be identified. Family planning methods include low-dose oral contraceptives, IUDs (the "spiral"), condoms, and foam. Regular weighing, examination, and vaccination of children is provided until age 5. Infant mortality is high, at least 150/1000 births, most of which are caused by diseases such as untreated diarrhea and measles. Malnourished children get specialized care, and vaccinations against polio, tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, and measles are compulsory as is administration of chloroquine against malaria. Mobile teams of SMI (maternal-infant service) scan the countryside in remote areas where there is no village health center. Health personnel take a 6-month training course before being placed in charge of a village's hygiene, vaccination, and other tasks. The decline in illiteracy rates has resulted in better health of the population. The shortage of qualified health workers has been eased by an increase in the number of nursing and pediatric health care students. Finally, international assistance extended by the world Health Organization, Swedish-African aid organizations, and SIDA are contributing to the praiseworthy efforts of the Mozambican government to improve maternal and child health.
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PMID:[Big venture to improve children's health]. 692 Sep 76

It is difficult to quantify the major health scourges from which the Maldivians suffer because of the scattered nature of their settlements and their conservative attitudes to health and hygiene-related matters. Projects to improve the quality of the health and disease data have been instituted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Maldivian Ministry of Health. The paper analyses information that has since become available on three major ill-health conditions in the Maldives, namely infant deaths, malaria and leprosy.
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PMID:Some health problems of the Maldives. 692 44

Diseases contracted in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and observed in Western Australia (WA) have comprised malaria, amoebiasis, ancylostomiasis, filariasis and leprosy. This small series of cases demonstrates the prolongation of incubation periods of malaria following chemoprophylaxis, the spread of chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum (both to Western and Eastern regions of PNG), the ineffectiveness of chloroquine against Entamoeba histolytica in the intestine and the value of oral penicillin as a prophylactic for filarial lymphangitis.
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PMID:Tropical infections contracted in Papua New Guinea and imported into Western Australia. 695 Jun 4


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