Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
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ELISA AND IFAT have been applied to the sero-diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis and the levels of leishmanial antibody detected by Leishmania donovani antigens in both tests have been compared. From the results it appears that ELISA is a little more sensitive than IFAT, but IFAT seems to be more specific in detecting leishmanial antibodies. In both tests reactions between leishmanial antigen and some other infections, such as malaria and typhoid, were observed. These non-specific reactions reduce the validity of both tests, especially ELISA, in the sero-diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis but, in visceral leishmaniasis, the leishmanial antibody levels were high enough to be unaffected by non-specific reactions. In general, ELISA is as good as IFAT and more practical in the sero-diagnosis and mass screening surveys for kala-azar.
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PMID:A comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test in the sero-diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. 38 70

The Leishmanin skin test was performed on 1353 people in a kala-azar endemic region of south-west Ethiopia. Physical examinations were also carried out on 2723. Two of these individuals, both males, had active visceral leishmaniasis with Leishmania organisms demonstrated by spleen puncture. Two other males, including one member of the research team, had parasitologically proven cutaneous leishmaniasis. Because there was negligible migration and little movement of individuals outside of their tribal territories, the geographical distribution of skin test positivity and clinical findings could be determined and correlated with environmental parameters. The level of positive skin tests for the groups tested ranged from over 64% for the three tribes collectively inhabiting the lower regions of the Omo Valley (altitude approx. 500 m) to 6.4% for the Suri tribe, which lives at 1400 m. Skin test positivity was highest in areas of deeply fissuring montmorillonite soils and where Phlebotomus langeroni orientalis have been collected. Termite mounds of the pipe-organ type seemed to occur independently of the proportion of positive skin tests, possibly because alternative resting and breeding sites for sandflies were available in the cotton clay soil or because of the cultural patterns of the people. Almost always, males had a markedly higher prevalence of positive skin tests than did females. The degree of positivity was strongly correlated with increasing age, most positive conversions occurring in the ten to 20 year olds, the age at which males join cattle camps as part of their herding activities. Splenomegaly reached a prevalence of nearly 50% among the Hamar speaking people to the east of the Omo River, where the pattern of disease suggests malaria as the principal cause. Hepatomegaly, however, was highest in the lower Omo Basin among the Nyangatom, Dassanetch and Kerre, where hydatid disease was a major cause of liver enlargement, but seemed unrelated to the proportion of positive Leishmanin skin tests.
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PMID:Kala-azar in Ethiopia: survey of south-west Ethiopia. The Leishmanin skin test and epidemiological studies. 53 46

The specificity of a circulating antibody observed in American trypanosomiasis and reacting with endocardium, blood vessels, and the interstitium of striated muscle (EVI factor) was evaluated in the indirect fluorescent antibody test with 60 sera from patients with malaria, leishmaniasis, echinococcosis, amebiasis, African trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, and trichinosis, collected from areas where Chagas' disease is not endemic. Two sera, 1 from a patient with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and 1 from a patient with a relapse pretreatment post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, were positive for the EVI factor. In the leishmaniasis group, 3 of 8 sera reacted with 0ovine, murine, and human skeletal muscle. In this reaction, which differs from the EVI test, the sarcolemma and the intracellular structures were stained.
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PMID:Investigation of the EVI antibody in parasitic diseases other than American trypanosomiasis. An anti-skeletal muscle antibody in leishmaniasis. 108 66

A glycoconjugate antigen of 27-39 kDa was isolated from a cell-free extract of Leishmania donovani by affinity chromatography using a Concanavalin-A sepharose-4B column and eluted with 0.5 M alpha-methylmannoside. The antigen was recognized specifically by sera from kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) patients and did not react with sera from tuberculosis, leprosy or malaria patients. The antigen may therefore be useful in developing a serodiagnostic assay for visceral leishmaniasis.
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PMID:Leishmania donovani: isolation of a concanavalin-A specific antigen and its evaluation for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. 128 99

The IFA test developed using Leishmania donovani promastigote and amastigote antigens showed very high antibody titre in clinically and parasitologically established cases (30) of kala-azar, the geometrical mean reciprocal titre (GMRT) being 870 +/- 5.4 and 5370 +/- 1.80 respectively with the two antigens. In contrast, the GMRT of normal subjects of endemic area was only 12.44 +/- 6.19 and 80.35 +/- 1.66 respectively with these antigens. None of the subjects from non-endemic area suffering with other parasitic diseases, such as malaria, filaria, amoebiasis, leprosy or tuberculosis (20 cases each) gave a positive response to any of the antigen. The test holds promise in the diagnosis of Kala-azar.
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PMID:An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test for the serodiagnosis of Kala-Azar. 129 50

We have shown that a member of the 70-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) family is a major target of the humoral immune response during Leishmania donovani infection. A recombinant fusion protein was recognized by sera from 92% (35 of 38) of patients with visceral leishmaniasis, including representatives from each of the major regions where it is endemic. Serological analysis of recombinant Hsp70, expressed by a series of deletion constructs, identified the carboxy-terminal region as the immunodominant site. This region, which is the most evolutionarily divergent part of the molecule, was recognized by all sera from patients with visceral leishmaniasis which exhibited an anti-Hsp70 response. Purified recombinant L. donovani Hsp70 was not recognized by sera from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, Chagas' disease, leprosy, malaria, or schistosomiasis. To determine the regions involved in antibody recognition, a series of overlapping peptides were synthesized on polyethylene pins by the Pepscan method, and a hexamer, EADDRA, was identified by the visceral leishmaniasis serum samples as an immunodominant B-cell epitope.
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PMID:Mapping of a visceral leishmaniasis-specific immunodominant B-cell epitope of Leishmania donovani Hsp70. 137 80

Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) was studied in relation to the kala-azar epidemic in Bihar, India. Between 1970 and 1989, 530 individuals, 302 males and 228 females, were admitted to the hospital of Patna Medical College with PKDL, the number of cases steadily rising from two in 1970 to 59 in 1989. The age of the patients varied from four to 70 years, with 33% aged 11-20 years and 16% 0-10 years. The prevalence of kala-azar in India also increased in the same period, mostly as the result of an epidemic of the disease in Bihar. There were no cases of this disease admitted to Patna Medical College from 1958-1970, it having become rare in India in the 1950s, possibly as a result of the DDT sprayed during the National Malaria Eradication Programme. In the period 1977-1990, however, there were 301,076 cases of kala-azar reported in Bihar alone, with a mortality rate over 2% (compared with 31,074 cases and a mortality rate below 0.4% for the rest of India). It seems possible that, once DDT spraying stopped, the re-establishment of large sandfly population and infection of these vectors, largely as a result of them feeding on cases of PKDL, provoked the resurgence of kala-azar. The study emphasizes the need to search for cases of PKDL, even in young children, and to monitor and effectively treat them as part of kala-azar control programmes. All patients could be cured if treated with the right dosage for the right period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: a neglected aspect of kala-azar control programmes. 146 55

The prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis and malaria in the human population of West Pokot district of Kenya was studied in 1986. A total of 2139 people was proportionately screened for the two diseases according to four age categories (0-4, 5-14, 15-44 and greater than 45 years). Diagnostic methods included the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Leishmanin skin test for visceral leishmaniasis, and parasitological examination for malaria. The epidemiological value of the spleen rate was evaluated in relation to visceral leishmaniasis and malaria endemicity. A general decline of infection rates with altitude was observed for both diseases. Visceral leishmaniasis was less prevalent than malaria, with less than 2% active cases in any age group and had the same distribution in both sexes. Malaria infection rate was highest in the younger age groups, declining from 21.5% in the 0-4 year old age group to 5.5% in people more than 45 years old. Malaria affected significantly more males than females. The spleen rate was inappropriate for epidemiological survey of either malaria or visceral leishmaniasis due to an overlap in the distribution of the two diseases.
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PMID:Visceral leishmaniasis and malaria prevalence in West Pokot District, Kenya. 818 49

Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values of selected clinical signs and symptoms in the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection were evaluated in 403 individuals (69% of inhabitants over 1 year of age) in an endemic area in Brazil (Divino). Highest sensitivity (13%) was found for blood in stools. Specificity over 90% was found for blood in stools, palpable liver with normal consistency and palpable hardened liver at middle clavicular (MCL) or middle sternal lines (MSL). Hardened liver at MSL (83%) or MCL (75%), and blood in stools (78%) presented higher positive predictive values for S. mansoni infection, while palpable liver with normal consistency at MCL (45%) or MSL (48%) presented smaller values. Enlarged liver without specification of its consistency has been traditionally used as an indicator of the infection in areas where malaria or Kala-azar are not endemic. Our results demonstrate that the probability that a person with blood in stools or hardened palpable liver is infected is higher than among those with palpable liver with normal consistency.
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PMID:Validity of selected clinical signs and symptoms in diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection. 184 90

The sensitivity and specificity of three serological tests viz. indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) for the diagnosis of Indian kala-azar were evaluated. Of the 209 patients in whom Leishmania donovani parasite could be demonstrated in bone marrow, 207 (99.04 per cent) could be diagnosed with IFAT, 203 (96.6 per cent) with CIEP and 208 (99.5 per cent) with ELISA. None of these serological tests was positive in 40 healthy individuals and 10 patients each with tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis and malaria. In only one out of 10 patients with malaria ELISA alone gave false positive result. Of the 119 patients who had clinical features simulating kala-azar but were negative for Leishmania donovani in bone marrow and responded to treatment other than that for Indian Kala-azar, IFAT, CIEP and ELISA were false positive in three (2.5 per cent), nil and three (2.5 per cent) cases, respectively. The use of serodiagnostic tests like ELISA for mass screening and CIEP in less well equipped peripheral laboratories is suggested.
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PMID:Serodiagnosis of Indian kala-azar: evaluation of IFA, ELISA and CIEP tests. 194 Feb 18


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