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 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper is a review of the interactions between agriculture and vector borne diseases. Rain forest clearing makes possible the development of heliophilous species of anophelines and snails leading to an increase of malaria and schistosomiasis in Africa. But in Asia, clearing is a control method against Anopheles balabacensis, an important malaria vector. Clearing of forest galleries is followed by the disappearance of shore-dwelling tsetse flies. Woodcutters and pioneer farmers are contaminated with arbovirus and leishmaniasis when entering in natural sylvatic foci of these diseases. Management of drinking water reduces guinea worm as well as cholera and other diarrhoeal diseases. More over when piped water becomes available people are no more obliged to store drinking water in containers where vectors use to breed. Reservoirs of dams offer large possibilities for the development of mosquitoes including anophelines vectors of malaria and filariasis and of snails hosts of schistosomiasis. The medical importance of these man-made breeding sites depends of the local epidemiological features of the diseases. Dam spillways provide breeding for blackflies and man-made foci of onchocerciasis have been described in West Africa. Irrigation channels mainly when non cleared of vegetation are good breeding places for anophelines and snails. Irrigated surfaces like rice fields are highly productive in anophelines and other dangerous species of Culicinae. Insecticides used in agriculture, mainly to control cotton and rice pests, have been at the origin of insecticide resistance of several anopheline species. On an other hand, sometimes rice pests control lead to the control of rice field mosquitoes until they become resistant, e.g. for Culex tritaeniorhynchus the vector of Japanese encephalitis in South Korea. Many international organizations have emphasized the role of intersectorial collaboration to control man-made vector borne diseases foci. Good planning of the infrastructures (e.g. twin spillways) and adequate maintenance are essential. Vector control in rice field is a puzzling question. Wet irrigation was a hope but it cannot be done everywhere. Biological control methods have not been proven to be very efficient. Even Bacillus thuringiensis H14 and B. sphaericus have severe limitation. New tools for intersectorial activities should be a goal for scientists imagination.
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PMID:[Agriculture-health interface in the field of epidemiology of vector-borne diseases and the control of vectors]. 220 69

Immunoperoxidase assay was used for the determination of serum-specific anti-leishmanial IgG antibodies in 65 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), in 5 with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and in 84 controls. A significant difference was observed between CL and VL sera and the control sera when either Leishmania major, L. donovani or L. aethiopica intact promastigotes were used as antigens. CL patients showed similar activity against L. major and L. donovani antigen (titers 4-64 and less than 2-64 respectively), whereas VL patients showed a higher activity with the homologous antigen L. donovani (titers 128-2,048). A high and significant correlation was demonstrated between immunoperoxidase assay, immunofluorescent assay and radioimmunoassay. No cross-reactivity was found with sera from malaria patients.
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PMID:Cutaneous leishmaniasis serodiagnosis by immunoperoxidase assay. 222 58

Molecular biology techniques have contributed, in the last ten years, to a better understanding of parasitic diseases. DNA probes, for example, have been successfully used not only for taxonomic purposes, but also for the diagnosis, the epidemiology and the pathogenicity of these infections. Due to their high sensitivity and specificity, the DNA probes allow, from a diagnostic point of view, the detection of very few of parasites in a given sample. This detection is also valid for any parasitic stage considered. It can be specially used to detect the infective stage in the vector, which, in epidemiological studies, is very important. The identification of parasitic species or sub-species indicates the human infectivity of species considered in the past as zoophilic. Finally, by allowing the specific identification of strains, isolates or even particular clones, the DNA probes also show differences which can be related to pathogenicity, to particular biological characteristics, or even to drug sensitivity. In this review, I relate the main results obtained in malaria and toxoplasmosis in our laboratory in Grenoble. I will also consider some recent data on amoebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, filariasis, schistosomiasis and echinococcosis.
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PMID:[Molecular probes in the study and diagnosis of parasitic diseases]. 226 90

A total of 204 sera, taken from healthy individuals or from individuals with various parasitic and bacterial infections, were examined by the indirect haemagglutination test. The tests were carried out using either a thermo-stable lipoprotein or unfractionated hydatid cyst fluid, and a titre of 1:64 or above was considered positive. Sixty-two of 70 sera from individuals with surgically-confirmed hydatid disease showed positive reactions with the thermo-stable lipoprotein--a sensitivity of 88%. No false positive reactions were obtained with sera from healthy individuals or from individuals with parasitic or bacterial infections, and no cross-reactions were observed with sera from individuals with multiple myeloma. The lipoprotein antigen thus showed a specificity of 100%. A sensitivity of 88% was obtained with the indirect haemagglutination test using whole hydatid cyst fluid; but positive reactions were obtained from healthy individuals and from individuals with schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, taeniasis and malaria. No cross-reactions were obtained with sera from patients with gonorrhoea, syphilis or multiple myeloma. Because of the high sensitivity and specificity shown by the thermo-stable lipoprotein ('Antigen 880'), it is considered that this antigen is more useful than unfractionated hydatid cyst fluid in the diagnosis of human hydatidosis in Kenya.
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PMID:Diagnosis of human hydatid disease in surgically-confirmed cases by the use of the indirect haemagglutination test based on a thermo-stable lipoprotein and on unfractionated hydatid cyst fluid. 260 68

The need for a reliable method for the immunological diagnosis of kala-azar is imperative. Leishmania donovani donovani and L. donovani chagasi culture promastigotes were compared as antigens in a direct agglutination test (DAT) for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Both antigens were successfully employed for the DAT, showing 100% sensitivity and greater than 98% specificity when used to test sera from Brazilian and African kala-azar, Chagas' disease, malaria, filaria and syphilis patients, and on sera from Brazilian controls. Cross-reactions were sometimes observed when cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis patient sera were tested. The cross-reactions were completely abolished by the addition of 0.78% 2-mercaptoethanol to the serum diluent. These data show that this improved DAT can be used for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.
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PMID:Leishmania donovani donovani and Leishmania donovani chagasi as antigens in a direct agglutination assay for the diagnosis of kala-azar. 262 Jan 71

Hawata District (Kassala Province) is one of the known endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan. The co-endemicity with malaria, enteric fever, tuberculosis and brucellosis together with the limited medical laboratory facilities, rendered differential diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in this area, rather difficult. Two-hundred and three serum samples, including 49 collected from patients treated earlier as visceral leishmaniasis cases, were tested in a developed direct agglutination test (DAT). 100% concordance was found between the DAT results and the parasitological diagnosis in 40 confirmed cases. In nine unconfirmed, however highly suspected cases, the DAT results indicated visceral leishmaniasis. Significant improvements in the condition of those nine patients was observed during the therapeutic test and later on after a full course of treatment with sodium antimony gluconate (pentostam). DAT titres in the other serum samples (154), collected from patients with malaria, enteric fever, brucellosis and schistosomiasis and from endemic controls were below the cut-off titre (1:3200). Considering the low costs involved, easiness in performance and stability of the antigen, the DAT appears to possess high potential for routine application in Sudan.
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PMID:Potential of a direct agglutination test (DAT) for detection of visceral leishmaniasis in a known endemic area in Sudan. 262 31

The antigenicity of promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis (L. b. braziliensis) treated with 1% sodium desoxycholate in 10 mM Tris-Hcl pH 8.2 was analysed by immunoblot using as probes sera from American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL), schistosomiasis, malaria and Chagas' disease. The ACL sera reacted constantly with a 60 kD band. No reactivity to this protein was observed with sera from the other diseases above mentioned indicating that the 60 kD protein may be used in serodiagnosis for ACL.
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PMID:Analysis of the specificity of human antibodies to antigens of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. 262 43

Visceral leishmaniasis, which is also known as kala-azar, reappeared in Bangladesh during the 1980s, approximately 7-8 years after large-scale use of DDT had been abandoned by the malaria eradication programme in the country. Pabna, Mymensingh and Rajshahi were the regions most affected with kala-azar. The article presents a historical review and information about the present status of leishmaniasis in Bangladesh together with control strategies and a proposed plan of operation.
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PMID:Visceral leishmaniasis and its control in Bangladesh. 265 Sep 1

The low-intensity war against Nicaragua from 1983 to 1987 has had a wide reaching impact on health, health services, and health economics in that country. Beyond the death of individuals and destruction of facilities, economic embargo and contra destruction have cost the health system about 200 billion cordobas between 1981 and 1987. This is approximately equal to the value of 2 years of the entire health budget. The war has resulted in decreased accessibility and availability of services, leaving about 10% of the population without access to modern health facilities. Perhaps 10% of the demand for acute care services is generated by the war, which has resulted in a reorganization of surgical and medical services. Long term care needs for psychiatric illness and rehabilitation services are far more extensive. Population movements and resettlement, where preventive care has been unavailable, are associated with epidemics of malaria, diarrheal diseases, measles, leishmaniasis, meningitis, and tuberculosis. Health services remain a high priority of the government as health care is viewed as a way to reduce the untoward effects of the war on the general population. Nonetheless, the indirect effects of the war have been detrimental to the system. Negative effect include the loss to the system of health professionals and rampant inflation. These forces contribute to the weakening of primary health programs and the reorientation of the national system into hospital based, curative medical services.
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PMID:War-related changes in health and health services in Nicaragua. 265 23

This communication reports on the usefulness of the IHA test and the ELISA in the diagnosis of human hydatid disease. The study was conducted on 40 surgically confirmed cases of hydatid disease, 40 normal individuals, and sera from individuals with various parasitic infections and other conditions namely: hook-worm-8, taeniasis-5, schistosomiasis-10, malaria-15, visceral leishmaniasis-12, multiple myeloma-3, syphilis-6, and gonorrhoea-10. The results show a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 100%. The results indicate that it is no longer scientifically rational to hold the view that the Turkana do not mount adequate immune response against Echinococcus infections.
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PMID:Usefulness of indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the diagnosis of human hydatidosis. 267 69


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