Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA) was standardized and evaluated for the diagnosis of Chagas' disease, in comparison with the conventional serological tests indirect immunofluorescence (IFI), passive hemagglutination (PHA) and complement fixation (CF). 2. A total of 236 serum samples positive and negative for the serodiagnosis of Chagas' disease were studied. The group included 50 serum samples serologically positive for leishmaniasis and 36 positive for malaria. 3. The best diagnostic performance of DIG-ELISA was observed when serum samples were diluted to 1:8 and a diameter of zero mm (no color) was taken as the cut-off. Under these conditions, the relative indices of sensitivity, specificity and agreement were 100%. High positive correlation coefficients were obtained between DIG-ELISA and IFI (r1 = 0.9010), PHA (r2 = 0.8943) and CF (r3 = 0.8269). 4. We conclude that DIG-ELISA provides an alternative technique for screening chagasic infections, as well as for seroepidemiological surveys mainly because it is simple, easy to carry out and does not require expensive equipment.
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PMID:Diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA) for Chagas' disease serodiagnosis. 182 62

The performance of an antigen of L. major-like promastigotes for the serological diagnosis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the IgG-immunofluorescent test was compared to that of an antigen of L.braziliensis braziliensis. Each antigen was used to test two hundred and twenty-four sera of etiologies such as mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, deep mycoses, toxoplasmosis, malaria. Chagas' disease, visceral leishmaniasis, anti-nuclear factor, schistosomiasis, rheumatoid factor and normal controls. Agreement between responses to each antigen was high: 77.2% of leishmaniases sera agreed on a positive or a negative result to both antigens and 91.1% of control sera. Cross reactivity was restricted to Chagas' disease sera, visceral leishmaniasis, anti-nuclear factor and paracoccidioidomycosis. The quantitative response of leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease sera to both antigens was evaluated by a linear regression; although the y-intercept and the slope were different for each antigen, neither was better than the other in the disclosure of anti-Leishmania antibodies. In the case of Chagas' disease sera the L.major-like antigen was better than L.b.braziliensis' to disclose cross-reacting antibodies.
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PMID:Comparison on the performance of Leishmania major-like and Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis as antigen for New World leishmaniasis IgG-immunofluorescence test. 184 82

A fatal disease epidemic affected the Bentiu area in southern Sudan and led to a mass migration of the Nuer tribe searching for treatment. The initially available information revealed a high mortality rate due to a possible occurrence of tuberculosis, malaria, enteric fever or visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Serological screening of 53 of the most severely affected patients in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or an improved direct agglutination test (DAT) revealed positivity for VL. In 39 of those patients, diagnosis was confirmed by identification of Leishmania donovani amastigotes in lymph node or bone-marrow aspirates. In a total of 2714 patients observed, 1195 (44.0%) had clinical symptoms suggesting VL: DAT positive titers (1:3200-greater than or equal to 1:12800) were obtained in 654 (24.1%), of whom 325 were confirmed parasitologically. Forty-two VL cases died before or during treatment, giving a mortality rate of 6.4%. Among the intercurrent infections diagnosed in the VL population (654), respiratory involvements (31.7%) and malaria (10.7%) were most prevalent. With the exception of four (0.6%), all other VL patients (509) responded readily to sodium stibogluconate. The factors initiating the outbreak are discussed. Malnutrition and nomadic movements to potential VL endemic areas appeared to be the most important. HIV infection as a possible predisposition seemed remote considering the clinical and epidemiological similarity to VL occurring in East Africa, adequate humoral response in DAT, and immediate positive response to specific anti-Leishmania chemotherapy.
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PMID:A killing disease epidemic among displaced Sudanese population identified as visceral leishmaniasis. 185 33

Epidemiologic research has the potential to complement public health technical assistance programs and to provide health planners with information on priority areas for intervention. This potential was documented in Djibouti, where a US naval medical research unit conducted 10 epidemiologic investigations preliminary to the planning of a national acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) control program. Data were collected on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and incidence in high-risk populations, the comparative performance of HIV screening assays, attitudes and practices relevant to sexually transmitted diseases, viral hepatitis markers, the prevalence of arboviral infections, the nature and drug susceptibility of microbial pathogens associated with infectious diarrhea and Neisseria gonorrhoea, the epidemiology of malaria, and the ecology of sandflies in relation to human leishmaniasis. These findings were utilized in the setting of priorities and the planning of disease control measures. Baseline epidemiologic data are now available, and national research capabilities have been strengthened so that further research on AIDS , malaria, and diseases such as leishmaniasis can be conducted. The success of this experience was in large part due to the cooperation and coordination between the research unit, the Ministry of Health, and a World Health Organization Collaborating Center on AIDS.
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PMID:A partnership in epidemiological research. 185

The direct agglutination test (DAT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used for serodiagnosis of parasitologically confirmed Indian visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases. All the sera of VL cases were positive by both the methods. DAT titres of VL cases were greater than or equal to 1:3,200, and ELISA values were greater than or equal to 0.55 1:400 dilution. In the control group, sera of widely prevalent diseases of India, such as leprosy, tuberculosis, malaria, and liver cirrhosis, were included. Both tests could discriminate between VL and other patients of the control group. The sera of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients gave OD values of greater than 0:55 and had DAT titres of 1:1,600. Both tests are sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of VL cases. DAT, being simpler and more economical, will be suitable for diagnosis and epidemiological studies for VL under rural conditions of India.
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PMID:Evaluation of direct agglutination test (DAT) and ELISA for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in India. 194 50

The countries surrounding the Persian Gulf are remarkable for the variety of infectious and contagious diseases that will affect those deployed to this area. In addition to the common gastrointestinal problems often seen in deployed troops, they will be exposed to such unusual problems as malaria, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and rabies. Medical personnel will need to consider diseases that they have never before treated or diagnosed, and will have to educate their troops regarding control of vectors, avoidance of exposure, and personal hygiene and sanitation. Proper predeployment vaccination, use of appropriate prophylaxis, and use of countermeasures such as insect repellent will keep the spread of disease minimal.
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PMID:Medical aspects of Persian Gulf operations: serious infectious and communicable diseases of the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabian Peninsula. 153 77

Protozoa are responsible for a number of serious tropical diseases including amoebiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, and trypanosomiasis. New drugs are required for the treatment of these diseases and the potential of plants to produce new clinical agents is discussed.
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PMID:Antiprotozoal agents from plant sources. 195 59

Monoclonal antibodies L12F7 against the target antigen of L. donovani promastigotes were used for the detection of circulating antigen (CAg) from sera of visceral leishmaniasis patients. The results showed that of 118 serum samples from visceral leishmaniasis tested, 105 were positive (88.9%). 55 normal serum samples were negative. No cross reaction with sera from patients with vivax malaria, schistosomiasis, leprosy and brucellosis, was found. The authors suggested that this assay may be used as a sensitive and new serodiagnostic test for detecting existing infection of visceral leishmaniasis for epidemiological survey and for assessment of cure after effective treatment.
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PMID:[Application of monoclonal antibodies against Leishmania donovani, II. Detection of circulating antigen in sera of visceral leishmaniasis before and after treatment]. 206 47

The literature on health implications and effects of government-sponsored resettlement in Ethiopia is reviewed with the objective of providing an initial evaluation of the health status of settlers and the health hazards of resettlement in western Ethiopia. Emphasis is on the 1984/85 resettlement program, which resulted in the movement of about 600,000 drought victims from northern and central Ethiopia to the western part of the country. Malaria, trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, yellow fever, nonfilarial elephantiasis, sand-flea infestation, and psychological stress are identified as immediate and greater health hazards than in the areas of settler origin, based on the geographic distribution and ecology of the major communicable, nutritional, and geochemical diseases in Ethiopia, and on the impact of program deficiencies on settler health. More studies are needed on the epidemiology and ecology of bancroftian filariasis, visceral leishmaniasis, dracunculiasis, eye and skin diseases, tuberculosis, meningitis, intestinal parasitism, diarrhea, and calorie/protein malnutrition before their public health and economic significance in settlements can be evaluated. Schistosomiasis appears to be less common, for the time being, in resettlement areas than in the areas of outmigration. Research needs and constraints in resettlement planning, implementation, and operation are identified, and some recommendations made for disease control programs.
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PMID:Health aspects of resettlement in Ethiopia. 218 82

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is fundamentally the same disease in all parts of the world, but the prevalence of microorganisms in an environment governs the patterns of disease arising from reactivated latent infections, invading pathogens and opportunistic infections. AIDS in Africa has certain characteristic presentations. Enteropathic AIDS is most common: Cryptosporidium and Isospora belli are identified in up to 60% of patients, but it is uncertain whether they are the causes of diarrhoea. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is rare. Tuberculosis, both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, is the supreme complicating infection. Herpes zoster is frequently the first clinical presentation, and has a 95% positive predictive value for HIV positivity. Measles may be more frequent in infants born to HIV-infected mothers, and appears to be worse in HIV-infected children. There is accelerated progress of both diseases in patients infected by HIV and Mycobacterium leprae. Salmonellosis is frequent. There is no direct interaction between malaria and HIV, but, by being a potent cause of anaemia, malaria enhances transmission of HIV to children through blood transfusion. HIV-positive subjects are liable to new or reactivated visceral leishmaniasis with dissemination to unusual sites. Cerebral toxoplasmosis is common. There are no apparent interactions between HIV and helminths, although there is one report of hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis. Cryptococcal meningitis has high frequency. Infections with Histoplasma encapsulatum are common in tropical America, but there has been no increase of frequency of H. duboisii in Africa since the advent of AIDS.
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PMID:Opportunistic infections in AIDS in developed and developing countries. 220 Nov 7


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