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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of methyl isocyanate (MIC) on systemic immunity were evaluated in female B6C3F1 mice exposed via inhalation to 0, 1, or 3 ppm for 6 hr per day on four consecutive days. Humoral immunity, measured as the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, and natural killer cell activity were not affected by MIC. Furthermore, resistance to the infectious agents Listeria monocytogenes, mouse malaria parasite, and influenza virus, or to B16F10 transplantable tumor cells, was not compromised by MIC exposure. Although lymphoproliferative responses to mitogens were not significantly suppressed, the response of splenic lymphocytes to allogeneic leukocytes in a mixed leukocyte response (MLR) was suppressed in a dose-related fashion and differed significantly from the control response at the 3-ppm level. These studies indicate that MIC exposure in mice does not severely alter systemic immunity. The moderate changes detected in immune function may be a secondary consequence of respiratory toxicity which occurred in these animals.
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PMID:Immunotoxicity studies in mice exposed to methyl isocyanate. 353 29

A community-based malaria control programme was initiated in Saradidi, Kenya. One factor determining the utilization of treatment would be the symptoms felt to be diagnostic of malaria. The 12 most common diseases and 29 most common symptoms were identified by community members. Thirty-six randomly selected women were interviewed to determine association of the common diseases and symptoms; nine women were aged 15 to 29 years, nine women were 30 to 40 years, nine were 45 to 59 years and nine were 60 years or more. Women 60 years and older recognized a higher proportion of the diseases (P less than 0.0005) when compared with the other women of other ages. More than 90% of the women associated headache, fever, vomiting, joint pain, loss of appetite, tiredness and death with malaria. Measles and influenza were distinguished from malaria by rash and mouth ulcer for measles and by 'runny nose' and 'sneezing' for influenza. Analysis by average linkage hierarchical clusters revealed that malaria, influenza and measles were distinguished readily. The results suggest that if people in Saradidi do not obtain treatment from community health workers, it is not because they do not recognize the clinical symptoms of malaria.
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PMID:Symptoms associated with common diseases in Saradidi, Kenya. 368 33

The role of South African Railways and Harbours in spreading disease and health care is examined. Attention is focused on the Railways' campaigns against malaria, plague and infectious diseases. A case study of the 1918 'Spanish Influenza' epidemic illustrates how the Railways diffuse disease and health care, and also demonstrates the disruption of services caused by the influenza.
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PMID:Railways, disease and health in South Africa. 401 69

This lecture, a memorial to Joseph E. Smadel, reviews the involvement of the military in the development and use of immunizing materials. Smallpox and smallpox immunization in the military and the development and present status of immunization against typhoid, cholera, yellow fever, typhus, tetanus, diphtheria, plague, influenza, adenovirus, meningitis, rubella, and malaria are reviewed. Dr. Smadel's personal contributions to the significant achievements of the military program to civilian practice are emphasized.
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PMID:Immunization and military medicine. 636 77

We propose an analytical model, which can simultaneously depict many fundamental characteristics of the immunogenicity of various vaccines. This model, the Immune Response (IR) profile, conveniently expresses the mathematical relation between pre- and post-vaccination titers. A vaccine's IR profile is antigen-specific, dose-dependent and post-vaccination interval-dependent. The maximal capability for serological response to a vaccine can be determined using this model irrespective of the dose administered, the post-vaccination assay interval, or the live or killed state of the vaccine. The IR profile obtained from analysis of booster vaccine responses in a limited number of seropositive study subjects can be used to predict maximal antibody titers which are expected after vaccination and can predict the geometric mean post-vaccination antibody titer of a cohort of subjects undergoing primary immunization. Using this model, it is anticipated that the immunoregulation implied by the IR profile may also prove to be correlated with cellular subpopulations and idiotypic antibody functions. Although derived from influenza vaccines analyses, the model successfully describes immune response characteristics following natural infection with malaria and following diphtheria and rubella vaccine administration.
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PMID:An immune response profile model for immunogenicity quantitation. 649 21

The different vaccination programs in a large chemical company with 12,000 co-workers are discussed. On the one hand mass-vaccinations against influenza, tetanus, and polio are carried out; on the other hand attention is paid to special target groups (people on business trips, members of agro units who have to work several months in the tropics under bad hygienic conditions, laboratory personal which has daily contact with human blood, serum, urine, and faeces). On all this people special vaccinations are performed which are discussed in detail. Moreover great attention is paid on a regular and effective malaria prophylaxis in all co-workers travelling and working in the tropics.
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PMID:[A comprehensive vaccination program as a preventive contribution in a large-scale chemical industry]. 670 14

A survey is given of the occurrence of communicable diseases in the Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West) in 1979. The epidemiological situation was dominated by salmonellosis, infectious hepatitis, scarlet fever, and meningitis. There was a striking increase in imported tropical diseases, such as malaria and leprosy. Poliomyelitis continued to decrease. There was an insignificant number of influenza cases in the winter 79/80. Due to the coming into force of the Amendment of the Federal Communicable Diseases Act on 1 January 1980 the obligation to notify communicable diseases has been changed in some respects. Moreover, the statistical data on communicable diseases have been collected and published only quarterly.
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PMID:[The epidemiologic situation of infectious disease in West Germany in 1979]. 721 10

The world epidemiological situation shows to day an important set back of past pandemic diseases. The International Health Regulation (IHR) will soon include only three diseases. The three others will be added to the diseases under international surveillance: poliomyelitis, epidemic influenza and malaria. These satisfactory results have been obtained partially by the the application of the IHR. Nevertheless, some other infectious diseases appear potentially dangerous (for instance, the viral african haemorrhagic fevers). Moreover, many residual forms of pestilential diseases are persisting and give them a renewed and present interest. Subjects to new arrangements in the form and in the mind, the maintenance of an international health legislation will be always a necessity. The face that this convention undergoes frequent infringements does not prevent that, contrary to the appearances, it is finally proving effective and necessary.
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PMID:[International health regulation and world epidemiological situation (author's transl)]. 734 30

Some of the characteristics of the process of mortality decline in Latin America were studied for the 1955-73 period. General characteristics of mortality decline were examined and total and cause specific standardized death rates were examined in an effort to uncover the contribution of changes in the incidence of some diseases to the rate of decline in the initial stages of the process. The relationship between socioeconomic factors and total and cause-specific levels of mortality were also examined. Data on deaths by age groups and causes on various Latin American countries were collected from regular publications of the World Health Organization (WHO). Only those countries for which information was available at least at 1 point during the 1950s and at least once during the 1960s were included. Adult deaths (above age 5) were adjusted for completeness using techniques by Brass (1975) and Preston (1979). Causes of deaths were grouped into categories that allowed the comparability of the 6th, 7th, and 8th revisions of the International Classification of Diseases. Death rates specific for 5-year age groups were computed. The analysis supports the idea that the major contributors to the rapid process of mortality decline were, in this order: infectious diseases, influenza-pneumonia-bronchitis, and diarrhea. Respiratory tuberculosis and other diseases of early infancy were responsible for about 12% of the total decline. Of late there has been an apparent increase in deaths due to cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, but cardiovascular diseases (probably of infectious origin) may have contributed positively to mortality decline, perhaps as much as 28% of the total decline (net of the effects of changes in the category of "ill defined" deaths). The association between the decline in malaria and the concomitant decline in other infectious diseases points to a confirmation of the hypothesis which attributed substantial weight to medical innovations because of the synergism among the diseases themselves. The source of the changes in mortality were found to correspond in almost equal measure to rising standards of living and to the contribution of exogenous factors: about 45% of the changes between 1955-73 were due to rising standards of living. Exogenous factors seemed to have left a more decisive imprint among countries in which malaria was endemic and within categories of such diseases (such as infections) which were most likely to be controlled without imposing the necessity of substantial transformations in standards of living.
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PMID:Mortality decline in Latin America: changes in the structure of causes of deaths, 1950-1975. 734 97

We compared the effectiveness of several recombinant influenza and vaccinia viruses to induce a malaria-specific immune response. The CD8+ T cell epitope of the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium yoelii, a rodent malaria parasite, was expressed in two distinct influenza virus proteins, the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase. These recombinant viruses were found to be equally efficient at inducing CS-specific CD8+ T cells in mice. A third recombinant virus, which expresses a B cell epitope of the CS protein, induced neutralizing anti-sporozoite Abs. Expression in the same recombinant virus of the CD8+ T cell epitope and of the B cell epitope did not impair the capacity of this recombinant virus to induce malaria-specific CD8+ T cells and neutralizing Abs. The immunogenicity of a vaccinia virus, expressing the entire CS protein, was compared with that of a highly attenuated vaccinia strain expressing the same protein and with that of another vaccinia virus expressing only the CD8+ T cell epitope. All three vaccinia virus recombinants elicited CS-specific CD8+ cells and a potent inhibitory response against pre-erythrocytic stages of malaria parasites. Optimal levels of anti-sporozoite Abs, inhibition of liver stage development, and protection against malaria infection resulted from repeatedly immunizing the animals with recombinant influenza viruses followed by boosters with a recombinant vaccinia virus. These findings support the concept that live viral vectors expressing the appropriate proteins and/or epitopes can be used as promising vaccine candidates.
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PMID:Influenza and vaccinia viruses expressing malaria CD8+ T and B cell epitopes. Comparison of their immunogenicity and capacity to induce protective immunity. 752 9


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