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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Malaria and filariasis surveys were carried out as part of a broader general health survey between December, 1982 and May, 1983 in the Ok Tedi region of the Star Mountains, Western Province. Malaria, tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS) and anaemia were identified as significant health problems. Malaria slide positivity rates of 64.9% in children 2 to 9 years of age and 19.5% in adults 15 years and older indicate high levels of stable malaria transmission. Infections with Plasmodium falciparum were the most common (75.2%), but P. vivax (17.4%) and P. malariae (7.4%) were also encountered. Palpable splenomegaly occurred in 79.2% of adults and children over two years of age with more than 50% of the enlarged spleens grade III or greater (Hackett). Microfilariae (Wuchereria bancrofti) were present in 34.3% of night blood films, and estimated haemoglobin values were considerably below WHO standards. Data from the surveys provide a baseline against which to monitor changes in health status which might be expected to occur in conjunction with the development of a major mining project in the area.
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PMID:Malaria and filariasis in the Ok Tedi Region of the Star Mountains, Papua New Guinea. 659 55

Malaria manifested during the first few months of life may be result of acquisition during pregnancy, at the time of delivery, or by mosquito bite after birth. Both congenital and perinatal malaria are acquired by the transmission of parasitized maternal erythrocytes across the placenta. An infant is described whose mother was diagnosed to have malaria at six months of gestation. The infant developed intermittent fever at 5 weeks of age and presented with anemia and hepatosplenomegaly at 3 months of age at which time Plasmodium falciparum parasites were found on examination of thick smears of the infant's blood. IgG and IgM antimalarial antibodies were detected in maternal blood, but only IgG antibodies were found in the infant's blood at delivery and at the time of diagnosis. These transplacentally transmitted antibodies may afford transient protection for the infant and thus delay the onset of clinical manifestations. Due to the absence of an exoerythrocytic life cycle in congenitally acquired malaria, chloroquine is the drug of choice for treatment. Infections with chloroquine-resistant strains require multiple drug therapy.
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PMID:Congenital malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. 700 57

Infections with the Uganda Palo Alto, Malayan Camp-CH/Q, Vietnam Oak Knoll, and Vietnam Smith strains of Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra) with concomitant microfilaremias usually, but not always, followed a more benign course than infections with the same strains in monkeys free of filarial infections. Four distinct microfilariae were identified in systematic examinations of 26 monkeys, 5 with self-limited infections with P. falciparum, 9 with normally benign self-limited infections with P. vivax, and 12 without previous malaria. The microfilariae found included: Dipetalonema (Dipetalonema) gracile, Tetrapetalonema (Tetrapetalonema) barbascalensis, T. (T.) panamensis, and an unidentified species designated "Aotus C." Among 23 monkeys studied completely, 14 were infected with a single species, 4 had double infections, and 5 had triple infections. T. barbascalensis was identified in 16 monkeys, T. panamensis in 11. Although data were very limited, there was a suggestion that infections with P. falciparum were less intense in monkeys infected with T. barbascalensis, either alone or with other filariae, than in subjects infected only with T. panamensis.
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PMID:Courses of infections with Plasmodium falciparum in own monkeys displaying a microfilaremia. 701 Oct 72

Depression in immunological responsiveness was manifested in phase with parasitaemia in rats infected with Plasmodium berghei. The spleen was the most affected organ. The response of spleen cells to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and the number of plaque forming cells among spleen cells of rats injected with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), were reduced especially at peak parasitaemia. At the onset of the disease the spleen was activated and the responses were amplified. Antibody titres in the serum revealed basically the same picture. Malaria changed also the dose response to antigens so that an overdose of SRBC that normally causes 'immune paralysis' gave rise to significant numbers of plaque forming cells (PFC) in the spleen even in very sick rats. Infection with P. berghei influenced in different ways the two concurrent infections studied: Trypanosoma lewisi and Nipponstrongylus brasiliensis. The severity of trypanosomiasis was proportional to the P. berghei parasitaemia, while the number of the nematodes was not influenced by the malaria in any case. The immunity against T. lewisi depends on the activity of an intact spleen whereas the immunity against N. brasiliensis depends mainly on the mesenteric lymph nodes. The overall results suggest that in malaria the immunological functions of the spleen are severely impaired.
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PMID:Aspects of immunosuppression during Plasmodium berghei infection in rats. 704 23

The causes of fever were attempted to identify in a prospective study on 300 adult in- and outpatients with fever at Kinshasa Teaching Hospital, Zaire. Infection was by far the primary cause of fever (87%). Tuberculosis occurred in 15% of the inpatients. Malaria was the most frequent febrile disease: one fever in two was malaria. Connective tissue diseases and neoplasms were rare.
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PMID:Fever origins in the tropics. 707 32

Infectivity of Plasmodium gallinaceum (Brumpt) sporozoites isolated from midguts and salivary glands of experimentally infected Aedes fluviatilis (Lutz) was studied. The 2 populations were compared at 7, 8, and 9 days postisolation from mosquitoes, which were maintained at 27 C +/- 1 C and approximately 75% relative humidity. Infectivity of the parasites was evaluated by the length of the prepatent period of the infection in 2-week-old chicks inoculated intramuscularly. Infection was caused by 7-day-old sporozoites from salivary glands, but not from midguts. Older sporozoites induced infection in all the inoculated chicks. The results suggested a somewhat higher infectivity of the 8- and 9-day salivary-gland parasites than of the oocyst sporozoites. However, unlike sporozoites from mammalian malaria, oocyst sporozoites from avian malaria were highly infective at this age.
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PMID:Infectivity of Plasmodium gallinaceum sporozoites from oocysts. 721 85

Physiopathology of malaria, and the immune reactions to this infection are poorly understood. Infection by P. falciparum is potentially fatal, and acquires an important position, both in the pathology of tropical countries as in imported pathology. Outside of endemic areas, diagnosis of the infection is important but sometimes difficult. Problems linked with malaria are compounded by the growing resistance of the infecting parasite to the classical drugs. A worldwide effort to identify new drugs has only led to partially satisfying results. It is possible that derivatives of a chinese medication, "Quing-Hao-Shu" open new perspectives for the treatment of malaria.
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PMID:[Malaria in 1994: a challenge for the clinician]. 755 41

Infection of mice with the malaria parasite Plasmodium vinckei vinckei is 100% lethal. However, after two infections followed by drug cure, BALB/c mice develop a solid immunity which is antibody independent but mediated by CD4+ T cells. To elucidate the mechanisms of this immunity, spleen cells from immune mice were challenged in vitro with lysates of P. vinckei-infected or uninfected erythrocytes. The parasite antigen induced proliferation of T cells from immune mice but not from nonimmune mice. When gamma interferon production by cells from immune mice was assayed at the single-cell level, 1 to 3 cells per 1,000 cells were found to release this cytokine when exposed to antigen. In contrast, the numbers of interleukin 4 (IL-4)-producing cells from both immune and control mice were < or = 4 per 10(6) cells, regardless of antigen exposure. Investigation in a bioassay showed that P. vinckei antigen induced the release of IL-4 from spleen cells of immune mice but not from those of control mice. Nevertheless, that IL-4 is of minor significance in this system is also suggested by the absence of elevation of immunoglobulin E levels in blood samples from these mice, in contrast to what is seen with P. chabaudi infection, in which IL-4-producing Th2 cells are of major importance for immunity during later phases of infection. Taken together, the present results indicate that immunity to P. vinckei is a Th1 response, with gamma interferon being an important protective factor. Whether or not the Th1 response, through overproduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha, is also responsible for pathology and death in this infection remains to be clarified.
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PMID:Cellular mechanisms in the immune response to malaria in Plasmodium vinckei-infected mice. 755 9

A preliminary baseline epidemiological malaria survey was conducted in the village of Punta Soldado, Colombia. Parasite prevalence and density as well as serological data were obtained from 151 asymptomatic children and adults. Fifty individuals were infected with Plasmodium falciparum. The mean parasite density was 184 parasites/mm3. Greater than 90% of the sample population were P. falciparum antibody positive as detected by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect antibodies against the major merozoite surface protein (MSP-1) of P. falciparum. In this population, anti-MSP-1 antibody concentration is acquired in an age dependent manner with equal immunogenicity to both the N- and C-terminal regions of the molecule. Infection at the time of sampling was associated with a higher anti-MSP-1 antibody concentration than that found in non-infected individuals. Further studies are planned to assess the role of immune and non-immune factors in limiting the number of cases of severe malaria seen in this population.
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PMID:Naturally acquired antibodies against the major merozoite surface coat protein (MSP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum acquired by residents in an endemic area of Colombia. 756 33

Infection of mice with blood-stage Plasmodium yoelii and P. chabaudi malaria induced hypoglycaemia in normal mice and normalized the hyperglycaemia of mice made moderately diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ). Injection of parasite supernatants induced hypoglycaemia accompanied by hyperinsulinaemia in normal mice, and in STZ-diabetic mice induced a profound drop in blood glucose and restored insulin secretion; however, severely diabetic mice (two injections of STZ) remained hyperglycaemic with no change in insulin levels. We conclude that malaria infection and parasite-derived molecules lower blood glucose concentration, but only in the presence of some residual pancreatic function. Diabetic mice were less anaemic, exerted a significant control of parasitaemia, and showed enhanced phagocytic activity compared with normal mice.
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PMID:Blood-stage malaria infection in diabetic mice. 788 67


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