Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Causes of community-acquired bloodstream infections (BSIs) in sub-Saharan Africa are unknown with regard to mycobacteria and fungi. We prospectively studied 517 consecutive febrile (axillary temperature, > or =37.5 degrees C) adults (> or =15 years of age) admitted to one hospital in Tanzania. After hospital admission and informed consent, blood was drawn for culture (of bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi), determination of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) status, and malaria smears. Malaria smears were prepared for a control group of 150 afebrile patients. One hundred and forty-five patients (28%) had BSI. Of these 145 patients, 118 (81%) were HIV-1-infected. HIV-positive patients were more likely than HIV-negative ones to have BSI (118 of 282 vs. 27 of 235; P < .0001). The three most frequently isolated pathogens were Mycobacterium tuberculosis (60 [39%]), non-typhi Salmonella species (29 [19%]), and Staphylococcus aureus (13 [8.3%]). The incidence of malaria parasitemia was similar in study and control patients (9.5% vs. 8%). In this patient population with high prevalence of HIV-1 infection, M. tuberculosis has become the foremost cause of documented BSI.
 ...
PMID:Fatal Mycobacterium tuberculosis bloodstream infections in febrile hospitalized adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 950 44

The potential of building multi-cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope antigens in combination with the nucleic acid immunization technology is explored for development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and malaria vaccines. A novel minimal vector pTH for direct gene transfer was constructed for efficient expression of vaccine antigens and used as a vehicle for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and Plasmodium falciparum-derived polyepitope genes. Two murine epitopes were included into these constructs to allow for testing of vaccine immunogenicity in small animals. The results showed that a single DNA injection generated CTL responses in all 15 vaccinated mice. The elicited CTL precursor frequencies were estimated in an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-based ELISPOT assay and found to be an average of 300 (range 4-1346) peptide-responding cells per 10(6) splenocytes.
 ...
PMID:DNA multi-CTL epitope vaccines for HIV and Plasmodium falciparum: immunogenicity in mice. 960 66

This study presents the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a non-monetary economic measure of impact, lost to dengue in Puerto Rico for the period 1984-1994. Data on the number of reported cases, cases with hemorrhagic manifestations, hospitalizations, and deaths were obtained from a surveillance system maintained at the Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (San Juan, PR). The reported cases were divided into two age groups (0-15 years old and >15 years old), and then multiplied by predetermined factors (10 for 0-15 years; 27 for >15 years) to allow for age-related under-reporting of cases. Severity of dengue was modeled by classifying cases into three groups: dengue fever, dengue with severe manifestations, and hospitalized cases. Each group was assigned a different number of days lost because of dengue-related disability. Dengue caused an average of 658 DALYs per year per million population (SE = 114, range = 145-1,519). A multivariate sensitivity analysis, which simultaneously altered the values of six input variables, produced a mean of 580 DALYs/year/million population, with a maximum average of 1,021 DALYs/year/million population, and a maximum, single-year estimate for 1994 of 2,153 DALYs/million population. The most important input was the number of days lost to classic dengue. The DALYs/year/million population lost to dengue in Puerto Rico are much greater than previous estimates concerning the impact of dengue hemorrhagic fever alone. The loss to dengue is similar to the losses per million population in the Latin American and Caribbean region attributed to any of the following diseases or disease clusters; the childhood cluster (polio, measles, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus), meningitis, hepatitis, or malaria. The loss is also of the same order of magnitude as any one of the following: tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases (excluding human immunodeficiency virus), tropical cluster (e.g., Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis), or intestinal helminths. The results objectively suggest that when governments and international funding agencies allocate resources for research and control, dengue should be given a priority equal to many other infectious diseases that are generally considered more important.
 ...
PMID:Using disability-adjusted life years to assess the economic impact of dengue in Puerto Rico: 1984-1994. 971 44

The transmission of infections from the biologic mother to her offspring is popularly known as perinatal infection (PI). It is not synonymous to infections during the perinatal or neonatal period. Physicians should avoid focusing attention only on the TORCH agents in the evaluation of suspected PI. Perinatal period begins from 28 weeks of gestation. Would one consider in utero infections in the first or second trimester of pregnancy as PIs? Developing countries have difficulty in collecting reliable and accurate data of PIs. These data are useful to define the magnitude of the problems, to monitor the trends, to recognise the mode of spread, and to find a solution of PIs. Most PIs are asymptomatic and diagnosis is extremely difficult. Developing countries need rapid, easy-to-operate, simple, and cheap diagnostic tools urgently. Access to health care in the remote city is limited. Newer drugs are too expensive and very few patients can benefit from these. Each developing country should prioritize its PI problems and tackle those that have serious public health problems and socio-economic impact. Most developing countries should focus on HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and HBV (hepatitis B virus) infections. Other countries where ophthalmia, malaria or tuberculosis are prevalent or endemic, should focus on these. Developing countries are more willing to allocate the budget for prevention of diseases than for treatment. There may be problem of promulgating the information on prevention of diseases because of illiteracy, multi-lingual community. Vaccines where available, should be affordable. Other effective prevention guidelines should be workable in poorer nations. The government should play an important role in enforcing immunisation program by intensive promotion program or by legislation.
 ...
PMID:Perinatal infections--problems in developing countries. 980 16

A fever case management (CM) approach using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) was compared with two presumptive intertmittent SP treatment regimens in the second and third trimesters in pregnant primigravidae and secundigravidae in an area of intense Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in western Kenya. The investigation evaluated efficacy of the antimalarial regimens for prevention of placental malaria and examined the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on antimalarial drug efficacy and adverse drug reactions. Twenty-seven percent (93 of 343) of pregnant women in the CM group had placental malaria compared with 12% (38 of 330; P < 0.001) of women who received two doses of SP and compared with 9% (28 of 316; P < 0.001) of women who received monthly SP. Fourteen percent (49 of 341) of women in the CM group delivered low birth weight (LBW) infants compared with 8% (27 of 325; P=0.118) of women who received two doses of SP and compared with 8% (26 of 331; P=0.078) of women who received monthly SP. Seven percent (7 of 99) of the HIV-negative women on the two-dose SP regimen had placental malaria compared with 25% (10 of 39; P=0.007) of HIV-positive women on the same regimen; the rate of placental malaria in HIV-positive women was reduced to 7% (2 of 28; P=-0.051) for women on the monthly SP regimen. Less than 2% of women reported adverse drug reactions, with no statistically significant differences between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. Intermittent treatment with SP is safe and efficacious for the prevention of placental malaria in pregnant primigravidae and secundigravidae in sub-Saharan Africa. While a two-dose SP regimen may be effective in areas with low HIV seroprevalence, administration of SP monthly during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy should be considered in areas of high HIV seroprevalence to prevent the effects of maternal malaria on the newborn.
 ...
PMID:Efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for prevention of placental malaria in an area of Kenya with a high prevalence of malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection. 984 Jun 4

Eleven patients referred to a hospital in South Africa with suspected tropical diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever and South African tick bite fever were found to be suffering from primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Hospital records were reviewed retrospectively in those acutely ill, febrile patients where a clinical suspicion of HIV seroconversion existed and no other diagnosis could be found. A history of recent travel, particularly to malarious areas, was given by most of these patients. The clinical presentation was dominated by high fevers and headaches. The most helpful pointers to primary HIV infection included a characteristic palatal enanthem, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. Ironically, the history of recent travel appeared to have confounded the diagnosis despite the fact that travel has often been associated with the acquisition of HIV in Africa. Recognition of primary HIV infection masquerading as a tropical disease may result in more frequent diagnosis of this serious condition.
 ...
PMID:Primary HIV infection diagnosed in South Africa masquerading as another tropical disease. 985 Mar 99

Chloroquine has inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency deficiency virus (HIV)-1 replication in human lymphocytes with an ED50 of 15 microM, which approximates the chloroquine plasma concentration generated in the acute treatment of malaria. Chloroquine has a parallel inhibitory effect on DNA replication in human lymphocytes, although the inhibitory effect on DNA replication is not as pronounced as is the drug inhibition of HIV-1 replication in the cells.
 ...
PMID:Chloroquine inhibits HIV-1 replication in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. 986 1

Among the nucleic acid components of mycobacteria, secreted protein genes have been attractive targets in relation to the role in the bacteria-host cell interaction. The alpha antigen gene family is of particular interest from its evolutional constitution process and as a candidate of protective antigen for tuberculosis (TB). Recent studies on DNA vaccination revealed that the antigen 85A, a member of the alpha antigen family, could induce protective immunity against TB. The other studies on the development of recombinant BCG vaccines demonstrated that alpha antigen gene is applicable to a foreign antigen carrier which could obtain protective immunity against human immunodeficiency virus and malaria parasite infections. In this paper, advanced applications of such mycobacterial secreted protein genes are reviewed.
 ...
PMID:[Nucleic acid components of mycobacteria: recent studies on secreted protein genes]. 988 2

Large numbers of tourists visit South Africa every year. Travelers to urban areas are at little risk of contracting an infectious disease, however the adventure traveler is at increased risk. Yellow fever is not known to occur in South Africa. Malaria is endemic in Mpumalanga and KwaZula-Natal. Schistosomiasis is endemic in large parts of the country. Although rabies is found throughout the country, only a small number of human cases is reported. High risk areas are KwaZulu-Natal, the eastern Cape and Mpumalanga provinces. The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is high and counseling regarding sexually transmitted diseases is important. Sanitation of water is excellent in most large cities and towns; however travelers to rural areas should exercise caution. Arbovirus infections do occur but relatively few cases are reported. The hiker is at risk for tick bite fever and should be counseled. Since the abolition of apartheid, South Africa has been seen as an inexpensive, high quality destination by many tourists. In 1997, a total of 5,436,848 travelers from many different countries visited the country. Areas most frequently visited include Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, the Garden Route, Kruger National Park, KwaZulu-Natal and Pretoria. The most common reason for visiting the country was holiday (44%), followed by visiting friends and relatives (23%), business travel (27%) other (6%).1 Travelers, to the larger cities such as Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban are at little risk of acquiring an infectious disease. The adventure traveler however is at greater risk as parts of the country are endemic for malaria, schistosomiasis, rabies, food and waterborne diseases, sexually transmitted diseases and arbovirus infections. Accidental deaths due to motor vehicle accidents and interpersonal violence are important health risks in South Africa. Travelers visiting popular attractions are at significantly lower risk. However this has never been quantified. This review aims to address the occurrence of infectious diseases and attempts to give guidelines to practitioners caring for travelers.
 ...
PMID:Health risks of travelers in South Africa. 1046 56

Oman is generally hot and dry, but the Salalah region in southern Dhofar province is relatively cool and rainy during the summer monsoon, and has a distinctive pattern of infection. Important, notifiable infections in Oman include tuberculosis, brucellosis (endemic in Dhofar), acute gastroenteritis, and viral hepatitis: 4.9% of the adults are seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen and approximately 1.2% for hepatitis C virus. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus is uncommon, and leprosy, rabies, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever are rare. Between 1990 and 1998, the incidence of malaria, (>70% due to Plasmodium falciparum) decreased from 32,700 to 882 cases. Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (caused by Leishmania tropica and L. infantum, respectively) and Bancroftian filariasis occur sporadically. Intestinal parasitism ranges from 17% to 42% in different populations. A solitary focus of schistosomiasis mansoni in Dhofar has been eradicated. There are major programs for the elimination of tuberculosis, leprosy, and malaria, and to control brucellosis, leishmaniasis, sexually transmitted diseases, trachoma, acute respiratory infection in children, and diarrheal diseases. The Expanded Program on Immunization was introduced in 1981: diphtheria, neonatal tetanus, and probably poliomyelitis have been eliminated.
 ...
PMID:Infectious and tropical diseases in Oman: a review. 1067 71


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>