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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The children of 50 women positive for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and 42 children of antibody-negative mothers were examined for lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly at 3-month intervals during the 1st year of life. Lymphadenopathy was found to be significantly more frequent at 6 months (p less than 0.01), 9 months (p less than 0.001) and 12 months (p less than 0.01) in children who were subsequently shown to be infected with HIV-1. Hepatomegaly was seen more frequently (p less than 0.05) in the 1st year in HIV-1-infected children than in uninfected children. Splenomegaly was not more frequent in HIV-1-infected children in this area which is holoendemic for falciparum malaria.
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PMID:Lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly in the 1st year in children infected by HIV-1 in Zaire. 138 91

Eighteen tissue samples from lymphoproliferative lesions and lymphomas in immunodeficiency states were investigated for their content of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome by dot blotting and for the distribution of EBV in tissue sections by in situ hybridization. Fourteen lymphomas from AIDS patients and four children with disorders of the immune system were available. For control reasons, six cases of infectious mononucleosis (IM) and eight Burkitt's lymphomas (BL) from malaria-free regions of Africa were included in the study. Two different patterns of EBV distribution are described: 1) heterogeneous scattered EBV-positive cells, as originally seen in IM and therefore called the IM-type pattern, 2) and a BL-type pattern seen in endemic Burkitt's lymphoma with homogeneous EBV-positive cells all over the tumor. In lymphomas in patients with inborn immunodeficiencies, an IM-type pattern was found. In lymphomas from AIDS patients, the two different patterns were found. There were lymphomas with the IM-type pattern as well as some with the BL-type pattern. In some AIDS-associated lymphomas, both patterns occurred in one tumor. The findings suggest that it is not the disease process that is the distinguishing feature between the two patterns of EBV infection but rather the patient's underlying disease and the extent of this disease.
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PMID:Different Epstein-Barr virus expression in lymphomas from immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. 169 92

Chloroquine (CHL) has been suggested to play an important role in the development of Burkitt's lymphoma by enhancing Epstein-Barr virus expression. Herpes zoster virus incidence is markedly increased following malaria infection in children being treated with CHL. Recently, CHL has also been shown to dramatically increase the transactivation of Tat protein purified from human immunodeficiency virus. These previous studies indirectly suggest that CHL may be involved in the enhancement of virus replication. This study demonstrates for the first time that CHL indeed enhances Semliki Forest virus and encephalomyocarditis virus replication in mice. These results raise the possible connection between the increased spread of AIDS in endemic malaria areas and the wide use of CHL in those areas for the chemotherapy of malaria.
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PMID:Chloroquine enhances replication of Semliki Forest virus and encephalomyocarditis virus in mice. 184 12

Epidemiologic research has the potential to complement public health technical assistance programs and to provide health planners with information on priority areas for intervention. This potential was documented in Djibouti, where a US naval medical research unit conducted 10 epidemiologic investigations preliminary to the planning of a national acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) control program. Data were collected on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and incidence in high-risk populations, the comparative performance of HIV screening assays, attitudes and practices relevant to sexually transmitted diseases, viral hepatitis markers, the prevalence of arboviral infections, the nature and drug susceptibility of microbial pathogens associated with infectious diarrhea and Neisseria gonorrhoea, the epidemiology of malaria, and the ecology of sandflies in relation to human leishmaniasis. These findings were utilized in the setting of priorities and the planning of disease control measures. Baseline epidemiologic data are now available, and national research capabilities have been strengthened so that further research on AIDS , malaria, and diseases such as leishmaniasis can be conducted. The success of this experience was in large part due to the cooperation and coordination between the research unit, the Ministry of Health, and a World Health Organization Collaborating Center on AIDS.
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PMID:A partnership in epidemiological research. 185

To evaluate the consequences of receiving human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive blood, 90 HIV-1-seronegative recipients of HIV-1-seropositive blood (case patients) and 90 HIV-1-seronegative recipients of HIV-1-seronegative blood, matched for age, sex, number of transfusions, diagnosis, and severity of illness (controls), were followed for 12 months after transfusion at Mama Yemo Hospital in Kinshasa, Zaire. Of case patients and controls, 72% were children transfused for anemia caused by malaria. Of the 46 case patients case patients alive 6 months after transfusion and for whom HIV-1 serologic results were obtained, 44 (96%) had seroconverted. Significantly more case patients (47%) than controls (16%) died within 1 year after transfusion (P less than .001). In the first 3 months after transfusion, fatigue, diarrhea, fever, cough, pruritus, pallor, oral candidiasis, polyadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and rhinorrhea were observed more often among seroconverters than controls (P less than .04). Six percent of case patients and no controls had developed clinical AIDS after 12 months of follow-up. These findings underscore the urgent need for appropriate HIV screening facilities in transfusion centers worldwide.
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PMID:Seroconversion rate, mortality, and clinical manifestations associated with the receipt of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected blood transfusion in Kinshasa, Zaire. 186 35

Eight cases of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-2 were documented by ELISA and Western blot in Gambia between January 1988-September 1989 from a hospital-based screening of 205 malnourished children, 864 subjects in a malaria study, 34 patients with probable immunodeficiency and 24 children of 17 HIV-2 seropositive mothers. AIDS was diagnosed by WHO clinical definition. Diagnosis of HIV-2 was made if sera were positive by ELISA and Western blot (LAV Blot2, Diagnostics Pasteur, Marnes-La-Coquette, France) and negative by Wellcozyme I competitive ELISA to HIV-a (Wellcome Diagnostics, Dartford, UK). The children ranged in age from 17 months-5 years, and in ponderal index from 50-90%. 6 had CD4 percentages or counts below the normal range. 7 of the 8 could only have been infected pre- or perinatally, while 1 had been transfused from her mother. The clinical features included 5 with diarrhea 1 month; 3 with Cryptosporidium, 3 with Candida, a pneumonia, an interstitial pneumonia by x-ray, a streptococcus abscess, a staphylococcus abscess, 1 infant with failure to thrive and 1 4-year old who was asymptomatic. This group of patients was more severely affected than a series reported from Guinea Bissau: their mothers also had advanced AIDS in comparison to asymptomatic mothers in the other series. While mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 occurs in approximately 33% of children of HIV-1 seropositive mothers, these data cannot estimate the actual rate of transmission of HIV-2.
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PMID:AIDS following mother-to-child transmission of HIV-2. 197 26

In 1986-1987 a consecutive sample of 3702 women presenting to prenatal and pediatric clinics at the only hospital in Kigali, Rwanda, was screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and malaria infection. The prevalence of HIV antibodies was 29%, and that of malaria parasites was 9%. HIV antibodies were more prevalent in women from the urban center than in those from the outskirts (31% vs. 20%, P less than .001), and malaria parasites showed the opposite prevalence pattern (8% vs. 15%, P less than .001); after stratifying by location, there was no association between HIV and the presence or degree of malaria parasitemia. HIV prevalence was 45% in women who had received a blood transfusion between 1980-1985 (before screening of donated blood began), and 28% among the great majority (94%) who had never been transfused. HIV prevalence was 44% in single mothers. 34% in women in common law unions, and 20% in those in legal marriages. These high rates of infection in the general population of Kigali highlight the need to develop effective programs for preventing further spread of sexually transmitted HIV.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus and malaria in a representative sample of childbearing women in Kigali, Rwanda. 205 19

A prospective study of US Peace Corps volunteers (PCVs) serving in Zaire, central Africa, was undertaken to determine the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus infection in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-aware expatriate population living in an area of high endemicity for both diseases. Of the 338 PCVs who served in Zaire between October 1985 and May 1988, 282 (83%) were enrolled, representing 7776 volunteer-months of service. Analyses of serum samples for HIV and hepatitis B virus were performed on enrollment and at completion of service. All PCVs received extensive education and counseling regarding HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome throughout their stay in Zaire. There were no documented seroconversions to HIV among 282 PCVs who lived in Zaire for periods ranging from 1 to 81 months, with a mean length of stay of 27.4 months. Of the 14 (6.2%) of 226 PCVs tested who had at least one positive serologic marker for infection with hepatitis B virus, none was documented to have seroconverted during service. During the study period, the rate of all sexually transmitted diseases among PCVs in Africa decreased from 131 to 68 per 1000 study population per year, and there were 52 cases of confirmed malaria among volunteers in Zaire. These data suggest that the risk of acquiring infection with HIV or hepatitis B virus in PCVs in Zaire is very low, and there is no evidence for unusual modes of transmission.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection among Peace Corps volunteers in Zaire. No evidence for unusual modes of transmission. 153 61

Epstein-Barr virus and HTLV-1 are both lymphotropic viruses, capable of immortalizing lymphocytes in vitro (Fig. 1). Both viruses have been sequenced and subjected to intense molecular biologic scrutiny, and in both cases genes believed to be important in lymphocyte immortalization have been identified. These viral genes are not homologues of cellular oncogenes, nor is there any evidence to suggest insertional mutagenesis. Rather, these genes alter the expression of a variety of cellular genes and, in so doing, alter the growth characteristics of the host cell. Infection with either virus is most likely to be asymptomatic, associated with a benign self-limited lymphoproliferation, or both, but in a small fraction of instances these benign lymphoproliferations give rise to a lymphoma or leukemia. In the case of the Epstein-Barr virus, a variety of cofactors have been identified that are important to the evolution of malignancy. These cofactors include immunosuppression in transplant recipients, cogenital immunodeficiency in the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, human immunodeficiency virus infection in AIDS patients, and malaria in patients with endemic Burkitt's lymphoma. In the case of HTLV-1, cofactors have not been identified. Nonetheless, the importance of cofactors is suggested by the small fraction of the population infected by the virus who actually develop lymphoproliferative disease, and the long latency period between infection and the development of frank lymphoproliferative disease. In organ transplant recipients with lymphomas associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection, the EBV immortalizing/transforming genes are expressed in the malignant tissue. But in Burkitt's lymphoma and in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, the EBV and HTLV-1 immortalizing/transforming genes are not detectably expressed. In Burkitt's lymphoma, it is suggested that the dysregulated myc gene renders the growth effects of Epstein-Barr virus latency genes superfluous. No comparable proto-oncogene translocation or activation has yet been identified in HTLV-1 lymphoma/leukemia.
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PMID:Human lymphotropic viruses associated with lymphoid malignancy: Epstein-Barr and HTLV-1. 217 3

There is concern that the impaired cell mediated immunity caused by the human immunodeficiency virus may increase the risk of severity of Plasmodium falciparum infection and could lead eventually to a decreased response to standard antimalarial treatment. In 1986, at Mama Yemo Hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire, the incidence of malaria was determined in a cohort of 59 patients who had recently acquired HIV-I infection through blood transfusion and in a cohort of 83 HIV-I seronegative controls who were recipients of HIV-I seronegative blood. All cohort patients were asked to visit the study physician whenever they developed fever. On each of these occasions thick film was examined for the presence of malarial parasites. HIV-I seropositive patients presented more often with episodes of fever per person month observation than HIV-I seronegative patients (P = 0.003). The total number of positive thick films per person months observation was significantly higher among HIV-I seropositive patients than among the HIV-I seronegative ones, but percentages of positive thick films per episode of fever were the same in both groups (46%). During a 5 month period, cohort patients presenting with a moderate attack of malaria were treated with oral quinine 20 mg/kg daily in two doses for 5 days. Twenty-three (92%) of 25 HIV-I seropositive patients and 28 (82%) of 34 HIV-I seronegative patients had a negative film 7 days after starting treatment. This study suggests that there seems to be no direct interaction of major clinical importance between HIV infection and malaria.
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PMID:Incidence of malaria and efficacy of oral quinine in patients recently infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Kinshasa, Zaire. 223 Jan 75


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