Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since their introduction more than 200 years ago, vaccines have prevented millions of deaths caused by infectious diseases. This progress was possible because these vaccines protect through antibodies, which are relatively easily stimulated. In the meantime, we understand that diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and hepatitis C cannot be tackled by these conventional approaches. Recent insights into immunology provide the basis for the development of custom-tailored vaccines to successfully combat these threatening infections. These new generation vaccines comprise components that modulate the mediators of immunity (B cells, T cells, antigen-presenting cells and cytokines) in such a way that the best possible immune response develops. Alternative application methods offer the possibility to further improve the immune response. Thus, hope remains that the remarkable increase in knowledge in the areas of immunology and infectious disease research will help to successfully control infectious diseases.
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PMID:[Novel vaccination concepts on the basis of modern insights into immunology]. 1983 50

One consequence of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic has been the emergence of a broad awareness of the potential role of syringes in the transmission of infectious diseases. In addition to HIV/AIDS, the use of unsterile syringes by multiple persons has been linked to the spread of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Leishmaniasis, malaria and various other infections. The purpose of this paper is to extend awareness of the grave risks of multiperson syringe use by examining the role of this behavior in the development of infectious disease syndemics. The term syndemics refers to the clustering, often due to noxious social conditions, of two or more diseases in a population resulting in adverse disease synergies that impact human life and well-being. The contemporary appearance and spread of identified syringe-mediated syndemics, and the potential for the emergence of future syringe-mediated syndemics, both of which are reviewed in this paper, underline the importance of public health measures designed to limit syringe-related disease transmission.
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PMID:Syringe-mediated syndemics. 1988 27

The effective vaccines developed against a variety of infectious agents, including polio, measles, and hepatitis B, represent major achievements in medicine. These vaccines, usually composed of microbial antigens, are often associated with an adjuvant that activates dendritic cells (DCs). Many infectious diseases are still in need of an effective vaccine including HIV, malaria, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis. In some cases, the induction of cellular rather than humoral responses may be more important because the goal is to control and eliminate the existing infection rather than to prevent it. Our increased understanding of the mechanisms of antigen presentation, particularly with the description of DC subsets with distinct functions, as well as their plasticity in responding to extrinsic signals, represent opportunities to develop novel vaccines. In addition, we foresee that this increased knowledge will permit us to design vaccines that will reprogram the immune system to intervene therapeutically in cancer, allergy, and autoimmunity.
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PMID:Designing vaccines based on biology of human dendritic cell subsets. 2102 58

Illicit drug control has been on the global agenda for more than a century. Infections have long been recognized as one of the most serious complications of drug abuse. Drug users are susceptible to pulmonary, endovascular, skin and soft tissue, bone and joint, and sexually transmitted infections caused by a wide range of bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal pathogens. In addition, injection drug users are at increased risk for parenterally acquired infections such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, tetanus and malaria. Factors related to drug use, such as unsterile injection practices, contaminated drug paraphernalia and drug adulterants, increase the exposure to microbial pathogens. Illicit drugs also affect several components of the complex immune system and thus modulate host immunity. In addition, lifestyle practices such as multiple sexual partners, overcrowded housing arrangements and malnutrition serve as co-factors in increasing the risk of infection. In this review we present an overview of the unique aspects of microbial pathogenesis, immune modulation and common infections associated with drug use. We have restricted the definition of drug abuse to the use of illegal drugs (such as opiates, marijuana, cocaine, heroin and amphetamines), not including alcohol and nicotine.
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PMID:Shooting up: the interface of microbial infections and drug abuse. 2138 34

This review considers the stages of the development of synthetic peptide vaccines against infectious agents, novel approaches and technologies employed in this process, including bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics, large-scale peptide synthesis, high-throughput screening methods, the use of transgenic animals for modelling human infections. An important role for the development and selection of efficient adjuvants for peptide immunogens is noted. Examples of synthetic peptide vaccine developments against three infectious diseases (malaria, hepatitis C, and foot-and-mouth disease) are given.
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PMID:[Synthetic peptide vaccines]. 2151 76

Chemical genetics can be defined as the study of biological systems using small molecule tools. Cell permeable and selective small molecules modulate gene product function rapidly, reversibly and can be administered conditionally in either a cellular or organismal context. The small molecule approach provides exacting temporal and quantitative control and is therefore an extremely powerful tool for dissecting biological processes. This tutorial review has been written to introduce the subject to a broad audience and highlights recent developments within the field in four key areas of biology: modulating protein-protein interactions, malaria research, hepatitis C virus research, and disrupting RNA interference pathways.
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PMID:Chemical genetics. 2156 78

In an era of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, and increasing multidrug resistance, the need to identify novel therapy is imperative. Unfortunately, the recent shift of the drug discovery paradigm from cellular screening to target-based approaches has not delivered the anticipated benefits. A recent renaissance of the traditional cell-based approach, on the other hand, has yielded several clinical candidates. Three successful examples are illustrated in this review, namely spiroindolone, thiazolidinone, and diarylquinoline for the treatment of malaria, hepatitis C virus, and tuberculosis, respectively. We describe in detail their identification, mechanism of action (MoA), and common features in the chemical structures. The challenges of the cell-based approach for anti-infective drug discovery are also discussed. We propose a shift from standard libraries to synthetic natural-product-like compound collections to improve the success of phenotypic lead finding and to facilitate the validation of hits.
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PMID:Anti-infectives: can cellular screening deliver? 2172 74

Transplant tourism, travel with the intent of receiving or donating a transplanted organ, has grown immensely in the past decade but is not without risks. Solid organ donors are potential carriers of infection and rates of infection are high in transplant recipients. Returning transplant recipients should be screened for blood-borne pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), as well as bacteremia, urinary tract infections, and other endemic pathogens (malaria, tuberculosis, Chagas disease, and so on). Efforts should be made to optimize posttransplantation prophylaxis against infection. Although donor-derived parasitic infections are rare, rates of morbidity and mortality are high. Increases in world travel and migration will likely contribute to increases in donor-derived parasitic infection. Appropriate epidemiological screening and diagnostic testing, including blood smears, serology, and stool assays, may help reduce the risk of such transmission.
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PMID:Transplant tourism and donor-derived parasitic infections. 2183 90

The unique properties of microwave in situ heating offer unparalleled opportunities for medicinal chemists to speed up lead optimisation processes in early drug discovery. The technology is ideal for small-scale discovery chemistry because it allows full reaction control, short reaction times, high safety and rapid feedback. To illustrate these advantages, we herein describe applications and approaches in the synthesis of small molecules to combat four of the most prevalent infectious diseases; tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria and hepatitis C, using dedicated microwave instrumentation.
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PMID:Microwave-assisted synthesis of small molecules targeting the infectious diseases tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria and hepatitis C. 2222 2

Refined vaccines and adjuvants are urgently needed to advance immunization against global infectious challenges such as HIV, hepatitis C, tuberculosis and malaria. Large-scale screening efforts are ongoing to identify adjuvants with improved efficacy profiles. Reactogenicity often represents a major hurdle to the clinical use of new substances. Yet, irrespective of its importance, this parameter has remained difficult to screen for, owing to a lack of sensitive small animal models with a capacity for high throughput testing. Here we report that continuous telemetric measurements of heart rate, heart rate variability, body core temperature and locomotor activity in laboratory mice readily unmasked systemic side-effects of vaccination, which went undetected by conventional observational assessment and clinical scoring. Even minor aberrations in homeostasis were readily detected, ranging from sympathetic activation over transient pyrogenic effects to reduced physical activity and apathy. Results in real-time combined with the potential of scalability and partial automation in the industrial context suggest multiparameter telemetry in laboratory mice as a first-line screen for vaccine reactogenicity. This may accelerate vaccine discovery in general and may further the success of vaccines in combating infectious disease and cancer.
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PMID:Multiparameter telemetry as a sensitive screening method to detect vaccine reactogenicity in mice. 2227 27


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