Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The contribution of viral hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and malaria to jaundice among pregnant women in Luanda, Angola, was studied. 20 pregnant women with jaundice (cases) were identified in 2 large maternity hospitals and compared with 40 pregnant women without jaundice (controls). Among the cases 6 patients died, whereas no death occurred in the control group (p < 0.001). Five spontaneous abortions and 6 stillbirths were also noted among the cases, implying foetal loss in 55% and stillbirth in 30%. One stillbirth was registered among control women. Of the cases 40% had anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies compared with 13% of the controls (p = 0.02). Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia occurred in 47.5% and 5% of cases and controls, respectively (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis C or HIV among cases and controls. The carriership of hepatitis B surface antigen was 10% in both groups. In conclusion, jaundice during pregnancy is often associated with maternal mortality in Luanda, women suffering from jaundice during pregnancy have an extremely high case fatality rate, and P. falciparum and hepatitis E are associated with jaundice in the setting studied.
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PMID:Infectious aetiology of jaundice among pregnant women in Angola. 1295 53

DNA vaccines, also referred to as genetic vaccines, are generating significant preclinical and clinical interest. It has been proven that the expression of an antigen or antigens from plasmid DNA (pDNA) may elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. Therefore, DNA vaccines may have potential as new vaccines for important pathogens such as HIV, hepatitis C, tuberculosis, and malaria. However, the clinical results using "naked" pDNA have been disappointing in the breadth and depth of the immune response and the relatively high doses of pDNA needed to elicit a response. Clinical trials with the gene gun have been promising, but it is unclear whether this technology will be commercially viable. As a result, there exists a clear need for new vaccine delivery systems that can be administered at low doses to elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses. One promising approach is the development of microparticles and nanoparticles as delivery systems for DNA vaccines. In this review, the application of microparticles and nanoparticles as DNA vaccine delivery systems will be critically reviewed with a primary focus on those systems that have generated in vivo immune responses.
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PMID:Microparticles and nanoparticles as delivery systems for DNA vaccines. 1458 21

Refugees resettling in the United States carry a significant burden of infectious diseases as a result of exposures in their countries of origin and the circumstances of their migration. Overseas screening is required before entry, but it incompletely assesses infectious diseases in refugees. Domestic health assessment has the potential to provide more comprehensive assessment for infectious diseases. Screening protocols ideally should test for tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and intestinal and other parasites and should include mechanisms for providing or updating immunizations. Testing for other infectious diseases, including malaria, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus, and sexually transmitted diseases, can be performed on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms. This article reviews the current status of overseas and domestic health screening for refugees, infectious disease burdens, and future goals for health assessment of refugees and other immigrants.
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PMID:Infectious disease screening for refugees resettled in the United States. 1547 16

In common with other developed countries, the United States has placed a great deal of emphasis on blood safety. As a result of careful donor selection and the use of advanced tests, including nucleic acid testing (NAT), the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus has been reduced to about 1 in 1.5 million donations. NAT for hepatitis B virus has not been introduced, but nevertheless the risk is low. Attention recently has been focused on emerging infections. NAT for West Nile virus was implemented within 6 to 8 months of recognition of the need to prevent transfusion transmission of this newly introduced virus. Approximately 1000 potentially infectious donations were identified and removed from the blood supply during the 2003 season. Other emerging infections attracting attention include Chagas' disease, babesiosis, malaria, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
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PMID:Current safety of the blood supply in the United States. 1561 52

Unsafe injection practices have been implicated in the worldwide spread of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV or any parasitic disease with a blood phase, such as malaria, filaria and syphilis. Review of injection safety in India also revealed that use of injection is often inappropriate, injections are administered with unreliable safety measures. Studies in India have documented the association of injection use and spread of hepatitis C and kala-azar also. Some measures to address the issue are also discussed.
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PMID:Injection safety and its impact in India: a literature analysis. 1570 25

A French nurse presented Plasmodium falciparum malaria 10 d after a needlestick while sampling blood in a source patient with malaria. As did the source patient, the nurse recovered fully although diagnosis was delayed and her malaria severe. We proceeded to a thorough description of the transmission profile of P. falciparum following occupational needlestick. A review of the literature found 21 published reports of occupational malaria including our own, documenting 22 P. falciparum infections. One of these was lethal. The mean incubation time to fever onset was documented in 21 reports including our own and is 11.60 +/- 3.38 d (median 12.0, range 4-17 d). The incubation period was compatible to that found in experimental anopheline bites or transfusion malaria. The transmission profile cites a pathogen which may be more easily transmissible by occupational exposure to blood than human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). Undiagnosed malaria in non-immune health care workers can be lethal. Presumptive treatment of malaria is widely available and well tolerated. Clinicians should consider P. falciparum malaria when faced with a febrile patient who has or may have been exposed to biological fluids. Further research is needed in the field of P. falciparum prophylaxis following accidental exposure to a malaria patient's blood.
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PMID:Occupational Plasmodium falciparum malaria following accidental blood exposure: a case, published reports and considerations for post-exposure prophylaxis. 1577 22

Infectious diseases are the major cause of death worldwide; in developing countries such diseases are responsible for nearly half the burden of premature death and disability. Therefore, the need for the development of new vaccine strategies aimed at preventing or limiting disease is extremely urgent. Important successes have been achieved against some infectious diseases that were once endemic or, even, epidemic (e.g., polio, smallpox, diptheria). Advances in our knowledge of the pathogenesis and immune correlates of protections are needed to develop novel vaccinal approaches to diseases such as hepatitis C, AIDS and malaria. In this review we will analyse the biological problems associated with the prevention of development and/or improvement of vaccine strategies for infectious diseases, focusing on the difficulties facing the creation of new effective vaccines for HIV infection and malaria.
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PMID:Vaccine strategies for infectious diseases. 1599 65

Voluntary non-remunerated blood donation is the source of the safest blood supply to the transfusion service. In the Indian set up where voluntary donations are fewer and poorly structured, safety of blood could still be compromised. This study was carried out to find out the seroprevalence of transfusion transmitted diseases among replacement and voluntary donors. A retrospective study of replacement and voluntary donors over a three and a half year period was carried out and the seroprevalence for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis and malaria was noted. A total of 41122 donors were studied comprising of 94.7% replacement and 5.3% voluntary donors. The prevalence of transfusion transmitted diseases was marginally higher among voluntary donors (3.3%) as compared to replacement donors (2.9%). All cases of HIV were seen in the replacement donors while the figures for hepatitis B and C were marginally higher in the voluntary donors (p>0.05). Voluntary donations in our study were not voluntary in the real sense. There is a need to work on building a stronger voluntary donor base and to create awareness among the populace in order to gradually abolish the replacement donations; thereby ensuring the safety of blood and its products.
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PMID:Voluntary donors-need for a second look. 1629 29

Before twentieth centuries and during early twentieth centuries, communicable diseases were the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Korea. But reliable data are not available. After 1975, the overall morbidity and mortality from communicable diseases, rapidly declined. Recently many new pathogenic microbes were recognized: L. monocytogenes, Hantaan virus, Y. pseudotuberculosis, P. multocida, L. pneumophilia, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), G. seoi, H. capsulatum, C. burnetii, V. cholerae 0139, C. parvum, F. tularensis, E. coli 0157:H7, B. burgdorferi, S. Typhimurium DT104, Rotavirus, hepatitis C virus and so on. Since the first HIV infection recognized in 1985, the reported cases of infection and deaths from HIV/AIDS have been steady increased each year. Legionnaire's disease, E. coli 0157:H7 colitis, listeriosis and crytosporidiasis have been occurring just sporadically among immunocompromized cases. Many re-emerging communicable diseases were occurred in Korea: leptospirosis, malaria, endemic typhus, cholera, tsutsugamushi disease, salmonellosis, hepatitis A, shigellosis, mumps, measles, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, brucellosis and so on. Leptospirosis and tsutsugamushi diseases have been noticed as major public health problems since 1980s. The malaria that had been virtually disappeared for a decade has reappeared from 1993 with striking increase of patients in recent 3-4 years. The distributions of salmonella and shigella serotypes have been changed a lot in recent few decades. Furthermore rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains induces more difficult and complex problems in control of communicable diseases. We must recognize on the importance of environment and ecosystem conservation and careful prescription of anti-microbial agent in order to prevent communicable diseases.
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PMID:[Changing patterns of communicable diseases in Korea]. 1631 47

Infectious diseases represent a continuous and increasing threat to human health and welfare. Due to emerging diseases, increasing resistances, international travelling, and the risk of bioterroristic attacks, infectious diseases concern the whole world and can only be combated by internationally coordinated and interdisciplinary approaches. When assessing the worldwide publication activities on infectious diseases in the years 1994-2004 accessible via the ISI Science Citation Index Expanded, an overall increase by 24% can be monitored. Furthermore, it becomes evident that highest research priorities are given to HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, tuberculosis, respiratory infections, and sepsis. Ten countries - including the USA, the UK, France, Germany, and Japan - contributed to more than 80% of these publications; nation-specific research priorities focusing on the current problems in the respective country can be estimated. Countries with the highest disease burdens are still not given the opportunity to contribute adequately to the scientific field. Based on our data, relatively increasing publication activities include those on respiratory infections, tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis, and sepsis, whereas decreasing activities were determined for AIDS, diarrhoea, meningitis, schistosomiasis, and other diseases. Accordingly, the prevalence of many infectious diseases occurring in tropical countries is not clearly reflected in the worldwide publication activities.
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PMID:Infectious diseases - a global challenge. 1644 13


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