Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study sought to determine the prevalence of family practitioners (FPs) in Johannesburg, South Africa, who are consulted by travelers. The study quantified the extent of medical activity of FPs and determined sources of physicians' updating information. Data were obtained from a random sample of 180 of the 576 nonspecialists listed as private medical practitioners in 1992-93 in the Johannesburg telephone directory. Interviews were obtained from 109 practitioners, of whom 105 were consulted by travelers. The average rate of consultations was an estimated 30/FP. Over 90% of FPs were asked about malaria prevention and/or immunization. 98% provided advice on malaria, and over 80% administered immunizations. The most common vaccine was Hepatitis B (63%), followed by gamma globulin for Hepatitis A (58%), and tetanus toxoid (50%). It was common for FPs to recommend antidiarrheal medications. Clients did not generally ask about diarrhea prevention. 47% gave preventive advice alone on diarrhea or recommendations for medication. FPs kept up to date on medical affairs by reading professional journals and following local experts or colleagues. In 1992, an estimated 100,000 travelers visited FPs in Johannesburg.
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PMID:The practice of travel medicine by family practitioners. 1217 10

Long distance journeys are more and more frequent. Beside malaria prophylaxis, the general practitioner shall consider several points. Vaccinations against tetanus, diphtheria and (for a few years at least) polio should be done every ten years. Hepatitis A vaccine shall often be done (with > 20 years protection) but typhoid fever vaccine shall be limited to adventurous and/or long stays. Yellow fever vaccine (10 years validity) is only administrated in specialised centers; this is the only mandatory vaccine for certain african or south american countries. In certain instances, one shall consider vaccination against hepatitis B, meningococcal meningitis or, less often, against rabies, central european or japanese encephalitis. The vaccine against cholera (numerous side effects and poor efficacy) is no more available.
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PMID:[Vaccinations for the traveller]. 1242 42

Long distance journeys are more and more frequent. Beside malaria prophylaxis, the general practitioner shall consider several points. Vaccinations against tetanus, diphtheria and (for a few years at least) polio should be done every ten years. Hepatitis A vaccine shall often be done (with > 20 years protection) but typhoid fever vaccine shall be limited to advanturous and/or long stays. Yellow fever vaccine (10 years validity) is only administrated in specialised centers; this is the only mandatory vaccine for certain african or south american countries. In certains instances, one shall consider vaccination against hepatitis B, meningococcal meningitis or, less often, against rabies, central european or japanese encephalitis. The vaccine against cholera (numerous side effects and poor efficacy) is no more available.
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PMID:[Vaccinations for the traveler]. 1259 70

Although dams have beneficial effects, they are also acknowledged as having serious environmental repercussions if they are not properly managed. The objective of this work was to examine the impact of the Barekese Dam in Ghana on the health status of three riparian communities downstream against a control. The environmental health status of the communities was analysed with reference to traditional endemic communicable water-related diseases in the catchment area, which were identified as malaria, urinary schistosomiasis, infectious hepatitis, diarrhoeal diseases and scabies. Case-control study was then conducted in the three phases of the dam (pre-construction, at the end of the construction and in the late operational phases) to analyse the health status of the communities as a function of the phases of the dam. The results showed that the control community consistently had a much better health status than two of the riparian communities, which were closer to the dam in all the three phases. However, it had a better health status than the third riparian community, which was farthest downstream, only in the first two phases. This community maintained a fairly constant health status retrospectively and did not appear to have been affected by the presence of the dam. On contrary, the health status of the two communities in close proximity to the dam deteriorated in the late operational phase. The study therefore showed that there was a strong association between the presence of the dam and poorer health status of the downstream communities in close proximity to it.
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PMID:An analysis of the environmental health impact of the Barekese Dam in Kumasi, Ghana. 1525 Dec 25

Visiting a grandparent for a first time, exploring the ruins of an ancient civilization in a distant country, or river rafting through a tropical jungle are all moments that are never forgotten. Illness, visits to the doctor, and disability should not be a part of these experiences. Diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, travelers' diarrhea, and hepatitis A are preventable. Through the use of vaccines, prophylactic medications, and disease-prevention education, clinicians may help ensure their pediatric patients have enjoyable and rewarding travel experiences.
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PMID:Preparing children for travel to tropical and developing regions. 1551 54

An increasingly large proportion of immigrants to developed countries is arriving from less developed countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. When these immigrants return to their country of origin to visit friends and relatives, they are at high risk of acquiring tropical infections, compared with other travelers. Immigrants who return to their country of origin to visit friends and relatives (VFRs) are more likely to travel to rural areas for long periods of time, to consume contaminated food and beverages, and to have more prolonged, intimate contact with local populations. As a group, they are less likely to seek pretravel advice or take antimalarial chemoprophylaxis. This article discusses the increased risk of tuberculosis, malaria, food- and waterborne illnesses, hepatitis A, and HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in VFRs.
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PMID:Health Risks Associated with Visiting Friends and Relatives in Developing Countries. 1561 Jun 71

For an estimated 10 million trips abroad by U.S. residents in 2002, "visiting friends and relatives" (VFR) was a purpose for travel. Made up largely of foreign-born U.S. residents and their children, this population shows disparities in the number of reported cases of many preventable travel-related illnesses compared with people who travel for other purposes, such as tourism. High-risk illnesses in VFR travelers include childhood vaccine-preventable illnesses, hepatitis A and B, tuberculosis, malaria, and typhoid fever. Gaps in the prevalence of disease and access to care both between countries and within the United States uniquely influence disease risk in this population of travelers. We describe this population, a framework for understanding travel-related health disparities, and recommendations for improving the effective delivery of preventive travel-related care to VFR travelers. In addition to transnational efforts to control and eradicate disease, preventing illness in U.S. resident VFR travelers requires focused efforts to remove barriers to their care. In the United States, barriers exist at the systems level (for example, low insurance coverage), patient level (for example, misperception of disease risk), and provider level (for example, inadequate knowledge of travel medicine).
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PMID:Health disparities among travelers visiting friends and relatives abroad. 1563 Jan 10

Although VFR travelers are at risk for acquiring infections and experiencing illness while traveling, many of these diseases are preventable. A comprehensive approach to decreasing their travel-related morbidity requires continued surveillance, data collection, systematic analysis, and action. A review of the literature provides few examples of interventions designed specifically to address VFR travel needs. Given the geographic and cultural diversity of these populations, models grounded in health behavior theory provide the best potential for clinically relevant replication. Outreach aimed at improving knowledge and care-seeking behaviors among VFR travelers may be facilitated through community-based campaigns in areas with large foreign-born populations. In developed countries, policies must be reviewed to ensure that travel-related services are accessible, affordable, and appropriate for these diverse populations. In the clinical setting, providers must develop culturally appropriate methods of communicating with traveling populations to influence behavior. In particular, primary care providers should take an active approach through screening for high-risk travel, and increasing their competency in travel medicine. Special attention should be given to illness that is prevented by routine childhood immunization (eg, varicella, measles, and hepatitis B); by disease prevented by travel vaccines (eg, typhoid fever and hepatitis A); and disease that can be prevented by careful avoidance measures or compliance with preventive medication (eg, malaria and tuberculosis). With increased immigration from developing to developed regions and widely affordable travel, the number of VFR travelers is expected to increase. As such, increased efforts to prevent VFR traveler morbidity serve the individual while also contributing to global public health.
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PMID:Risk assessment and disease prevention in travelers visiting friends and relatives. 1570 46

Travel Medicine is a rapidly evolving field of medicine that is becoming ever more important in this era of globalization. Traditionally, medical preparation for individuals traveling to countries outside the United States has focused on traveler's diarrhea prevention and treatment, malaria prevention, and travel vaccination. Now, other concerns such as travel safety must also be considered. New developments in the area of travel medicine include the use of azithromycin instead of quinolones for diarrhea acquired in Southeast Asia. Azithromycin may also be the best option for children and patients who cannot take quinolones regardless of destination. In addition, rifaximin, a non-absorbable antibiotic, has recently been marketed for traveler's diarrhea. The best malaria prophylaxis options currently include atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) in addition to chloroquine, mefloquine, and doxycycline. Hepatitis A is the most important travel vaccine, and a new combined hepatitis A and B vaccine (Twinrix) is useful for travelers needing protection against both types of hepatitis. A vaccine for typhoid is now available in either oral or injectable versions. Other important vaccines to consider when traveling internationally are those for Japanese encephalitis, influenza, meningitis, rabies, varicella and yellow fever vaccines. These may be warranted depending on duration of travel and destination risk.
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PMID:Travel medicine 2005. 1577 61

Epidemiological surveillance in Navarre (584,734 inhabitants) covers 34 transmissible diseases, whose notification is compulsory, and epidemic outbreaks of any aetiology. Notification is carried out on a weekly basis by the doctors from paediatrics, primary care and specialised care. In 2004, 75.8% of all the possible notification reports (a weekly report for each doctor) were received, a percentage that has improved in the last five year period. Flu only reached 14.4 cases per 1,000 inhabitants (Epidemic Index, EI: 0.30), due to the advance of the epidemic peak for the 2003-2004 season to the month of November. The rate of respiratory tuberculosis fell to 11.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and the rate of non-respiratory tuberculosis rose to 2.7 per 100,000. Ten cases of tuberculosis (11.9%) were grouped into four outbreaks that affected adolescents and young adults. Thirty percent of the cases were produced in immigrants and 4.8% in persons coinfected with HIV, proportions that are similar to those of the previous year. Eleven cases of meningococcal disease were reported, (1.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants; EI 0.73), but only in 8 cases was the clinical form sepsis and/or meningitis. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B was isolated in 8 cases, and serogroup C in 2 cases, the latter 2 were adults and were not vaccinated. The incidence of immunopreventable diseases continues to fall, and for the fifth consecutive year no case of measles has been reported. Legionnaire's disease, which is detected through the systematic determination of the antigen in urine, rose to 5.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (EI: 1.42), without any epidemiological relation between them. The incidence of imported diseases rose, with 12 cases of malaria, 8 of shigellosis, 5 of hepatitis A and 2 of legionnaire's disease acquired outside Spain.
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PMID:[Communicable disease surveillance in Navarre, 2004]. 1582 82


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