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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

International travels are increasingly frequent. Beside malaria prophylaxis, the general practitioner will review several vaccinations.e Tetanus and poliomyelitis vaccines should be administered once every ten years. It will often be useful to give a protection against hepatitis A, and less often, against typhoid fever. The yellow fever vaccine, which may be required or recommended to visit several African and South American countries, is injected only by officially recognised centres. For some travels, vaccination against hepatitis B, meningococcal meningitis or, rarely, against rabies may be considered. The vaccine against cholera will never be administered, due to its lack of efficacy and high frequency of side effects. Travellers diarrhoea will be discussed, and a "pocket" treatment prescribed. Finally, general information will be provided, including those on STD.
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PMID:[Vaccinations and useful advice for travelers]. 793 82

20-50% of all travellers to tropical and subtropical countries experience health problems during or after travel. Mainly respiratory tract infections or gastrointestinal disorders are predominant. As specific disorders imported from the tropics traveller's diarrhoea is prevailing, however amebic and helminthic infections, hepatitis A, malaria, sexually transmitted diseases as well skin disorders are rather common. Classical tropical diseases such as cholera, sleeping sickness or trachoma play only a very minor role as imported infections. The majority of health impairments during or after travel are uncomplicated or self limiting. However, falciparum malaria, viral hepatitides, typhoid fever, tropical viral infections and infections of the CNS can take a malicious course. Early diagnosis and treatment generally can provide complete cure without sequels. Sequels are most commonly seen following hepatitis B and C as well as HIV infection but also as a result of CNS infections (e.g. encephalitis) and of imported tuberculosis. For medical expert opinion it is essential that sequels were present already during the acute phase of illness. The socio-economical impact of infections imported from the tropics is considerable due to the high morbidity figures. Preventive measures before and after a stay in tropical countries could markedly reduce the health risks involved.
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PMID:[Sequelae of imported tropical diseases in Germany]. 794 Dec 24

In support of Operation Restore Hope, the United States military established a diagnostic laboratory for infectious diseases, the Joint Forward Laboratory, in Mogadishu, Somalia. Because sporadic hepatitis due to unknown causes was a frequent problem, staff members of the Joint Forward Laboratory evaluated 31 Somalis, five displaced Ethiopians, and three Western relief workers who had acute clinical hepatitis. Patients lived in multiple locations in Somalia--Mogadishu, Baidoa, and Merca--and became ill between December 1992 and February 1993. IgM antibody to hepatitis A virus was found in one English relief worker, and IgM antibody to hepatitis E virus was found in 20 (65%) of 31 Somalis, two (40%) of five Ethiopians, and two (67%) of three Western relief workers. No patient had evidence of acute hepatitis B, malaria, yellow fever, or other arbovirus infections. These data indicate that hepatitis E virus--the major cause of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis--was a common cause of acute sporadic hepatitis in Somalia during the initial stages of Operation Restore Hope.
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PMID:Threat of hepatitis E virus infection in Somalia during Operation Restore Hope. 805 16

By 1995, measles, mumps, and rubella were eliminated from Finland, acellular vaccines for pertussis were showing great promise, and the global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000 looked possible. The meningococcus was replacing Haemophilus influenzae type b as the main cause of childhood meningitis, and 75 countries were vaccinating their children against hepatitis B. The United States recommended varicella vaccination for children, effective vaccines were available for hepatitis A, and new vaccines for rotavirus and cholera were being tested; malaria and HIV offer a continuing challenge.
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PMID:Update on immunization. 868 May 9

After her holiday in South Africa, a 50-year-old woman was admitted because of fever and pain in the upper abdomen. The laboratory tests showed moderately increased serum liver enzyme activities. The liver biopsy showed a granulomatous hepatitis. Further investigations revealed no evidence for sarcoidosis, tuberculosis or infectious hepatitis, nor for other granulomatous diseases or infectious diseases relevant to South Africa. Upon discontinuation of the malaria prophylaxis with Daraclor (pyrimethamine and chloroquine (sulphate)) the symptoms disappeared and the liver function tests returned to normal. It was concluded that Daraclor was the probable cause of granulomatous hepatitis in this patient. This adverse effect was not published before.
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PMID:[Granulomatous hepatitis attributed to the combination pyrimethamine-chloroquine]. 872 Jul 7

The purpose of the study was to assess the incidence and relative risk of hepatitis A and B and tuberculosis among Danish merchant seamen. We also assessed the occurrence of malaria. The study was based on record linkage of a research database containing data on 24,132 Danish male seamen and the Registry for Notifiable Infectious Diseases in Denmark, supplemented by data from other sources. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for hepatitis A for male seamen was 1.77 (0.91-3.10) as compared with the incidence in the general population. The incidence was 0.9 notified cases/10,000 years. The SIR for hepatitis B for male seamen was 3.02 (1.79-4.78), the main risk factors being intravenous drug use and casual sex abroad. Tuberculosis was not more common among seamen than in non-seamen. The results have implications for vaccination strategies in this occupational group. Malaria occurred frequently in the seamen, especially among those involved in West African trade. Irregular use of malaria prophylaxis and probably chloroquine resistance were of importance in some cases. To detect further cases of hepatitis A and B and malaria, other sources were reviewed. Only a few extra cases were identified. The registry of notifiable infectious diseases was thus found to be rather complete.
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PMID:Incidence and relative risk for hepatitis A, hepatitis B and tuberculosis and occurrence of malaria among merchant seamen. 879 73

The current status and future prospects of vaccines for adults are discussed. For every child in America who dies of a vaccine-preventable disease, about 400 adults die of such a disease. Evidence of the merit of influenza vaccination continues to accumulate, yet < 30% of high-risk people younger than 65 have been vaccinated. Use of pneumococcal vaccine lags behind that of influenza vaccine. Serious discrepancies in immunization levels exist among different segments of U.S. adult society. A vaccination status assessment is now recommended for everyone reaching the age of 50. New vaccines are available to prevent varicella, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever. There are now two formulations of hepatitis A virus vaccine; adult users of these vaccines include travelers, people relocating to areas with poor sanitation, military personnel, laboratory workers, and hemophiliacs. New rabies vaccines may be the next vaccines to be used primarily in adults. Vaccines against pertussis, Lyme disease, cholera, herpes simplex, malaria, other infectious diseases, and cancer are in various stages of development. For health care personnel in areas where there is a strong likelihood of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission and infection, BCG vaccination is recommended. The risk of immunization to a person infected with the human immunodeficiency virus is likely outweighed by the protection offered against other health threats. Health systems should select tetanus-diphtheria toxoids adsorbed for their formularies for immunizing adults, not monovalent tetanus toxoid. Vaccines are available to prevent a growing list of infectious diseases but are underused in adults.
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PMID:Status and future of vaccines for adults. 904 59

International travel has increased enormously in recent years. With the greater movement of people have come increased encounters with a wide variety of diseases: malaria, dengue, cholera, typhoid fever, Ebola virus, and many more. The need for greater scope, consistency, and knowledgeability in pretravel health care to meet these challenges has been met by the emergence of the discipline of travel medicine. Travelers are well advised to become informed of the risks they face and to take steps to minimize those risks. After reviewing a traveler's medical history and a detailed itinerary, a travel medicine practitioner can offer expert advice on behavioral modifications, immunizations, and chemoprophylaxis regimens which will increase the traveler's margin of safety. The issues most frequently addressed in a travel clinic include treatment of traveler's diarrhea, malaria chemoprophylaxis, and immunizations, for hepatitis A, typhoid fever, tetanus/diphtheria, influenza, pneumococcus, hepatitis B, polio, meningococcus, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and rabies. Pretravel consultation must consider the age and underlying health problems of the traveler, the nature of the trip (wilderness, jungle, rural, urban, resort, or cruise), the duration of travel, and the latest available information on the site in terms of disease outbreaks, terrorism, and natural calamities.
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PMID:A week in the life of a travel clinic. 933 67

The dissolution of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) has resulted in the disruption of the health infrastructure in many of the republics, as indicated in part by increases in infectious diseases that were previously controlled (e.g., diphtheria, typhoid, and hepatitis A). In 1994, the Ministry of Health (MOH) of Armenia (1995 population: 3.5 million) detected the first locally acquired case of malaria since the 1940s; the number of imported cases (15) was approximately twice the annual average during 1986-1989 (seven). In 1995, although no locally acquired cases were reported, the number of imported cases increased to 502. In 1996 and 1997, the total (locally acquired and imported) number of reported cases of malaria was 347 and 841, respectively. This report summarizes surveillance for malaria in Armenia during 1996-1997.
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PMID:Epidemic malaria transmission--Armenia, 1997. 966 25

One third of persons who travel abroad experience a travel-related illness, usually diarrhea or an upper respiratory infection. The risk of travelers' diarrhea can be reduced by eating only freshly prepared, hot foods. Combination therapy with a single dose of ofloxacin plus loperamide usually provides relief from travelers' diarrhea within 24 hours. Using a diethyltoluamide (deet)-containing insect repellent and wearing permethrin-coated clothing can reduce the risk of malaria, yellow fever and other diseases contracted from insects. Routine immunizations such as tetanus, measles, mumps and rubella, and influenza should be updated if necessary before the patient embarks on the trip. Hepatitis A immunization should be administered to persons traveling to places other than Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and western European countries. Typhoid vaccination should be considered for travelers going to developing countries. Yellow fever immunization is indicated for travelers going to endemic areas of South America and Africa. Malaria prophylaxis with chloroquine is indicated for travelers going to Mexico and Central America. Mefloquine is recommended for those traveling to areas where malaria is resistant to prophylactic treatment with chloroquine. Medical advice for patients planning trips abroad must be individualized and based on the most current expert recommendations.
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PMID:Travel medicine: helping patients prepare for trips abroad. 1002 83


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