Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Subfecundity is caused by disease and nutrition as well as by genetic, environmental, and psychological components. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by 21 different pathogens of which syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia are the most important. Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum with incidence of 10% in Thailand. 20% in Papua New Guinea, and 40% in Ethiopia. Stillbirths in infected mothers range from 66% to 80%. Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoea and its incidence was 18% in female patients in Ugandan clinic. 20% of women in Africa with cervical gonorrhea develop salpingitis. The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease is several times higher in IUD users. The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis caused infertility in 15.4% of men in a 1991 study. Herpes simplex virus 2 infects 15-30% of sexually active adults, and the chance of fetal transmission is 40% when maternal lesions are present. Diseases other than STDs include tuberculosis (TB) whose development is aided by conditions such as malnutrition, malaria, leprosy, syphilis, and African sleeping sickness. Genital TB causes a 5-50% rate of menstrual disorders including amenorrhea and a 55-85% rate of sterility in women. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium protozoa, and the feverish state included by it can lead to oligospermia. Severe malarial anemia can lead to fetal and maternal mortality. The protozoa Trypanosoma causes African sleeping sickness that produces azoospermia and impairs the pituitary gland and ovaries. Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) and filariasis have less direct effect on fecundity but they negatively impact nutritional status. Maternal nutrition substantially impacts fetal and infant survival. During the Dutch famine of 1944-45 there was a 50% decrease in births 9 months subsequently. A 10-15% weight loss results in amenorrhea.
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PMID:Endemic disease, nutrition and fertility in developing countries. 163 64

In Germany, the last period of the Second World War and the following years were characterized by deficiencies of hygiene which had not occurred previously in Middle Europe during the 20th century. There were focuses of typhus, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and meningitis. Insufficiencies in the removal of faeces caused high incidences of shigellosis, hepatitis A, and ascariasis. As a result of insufficient body care, many people were infested with fleas, lice and scabies. The migration of large proportions of the population resulted in an increasing prevalence of syphilis an gonorrhea. As the population resettled, the first steps towards reorganization of public health could be done. The spread of typhoid fever was controlled by drinking-water disinfection with chlorine, repair of sewage systems, and patient isolation. The application of DDT helped to reduce scabies and pediculosis, resulting in decreasing typhus risks. During the first two decades after the war, there was a steady decrease of the incidence of infectious diseases. The reconstruction of the towns resulted in improved housing conditions and a decreasing number of persons per housing area, reducing the intensity of physical contacts of the inhabitants with each other. The nutrition and clothing situation of the population improved, which, in addition to a general rise of the standards of hygiene, brought about an increase of the individual resistance to infection. A further reduction of sporadic and epidemic outbreaks of infectious diseases was achieved by the introduction of chemotherapy and antibiotics. Increasing prosperity was accompanied by new problems of hygiene. Infectious diseases almost eradicated in West Germany, were imported by air travellers. Ten imported cases of smallpox were reported between 1957 and 1972, eight of which originated from Southeast Asia. Malaria, imported by German and foreign soldiers, had not been uncommon after the end of the war but had been easy to control by insecticides and antimalarials. As tourism expanded, a new wave of imported malaria cases was reported. In West Germany there is, however, no more spread of the disease under present conditions, cholera caused similar problems. The 1961 cholera epidemic started in Southeast Asia and caused minor outbreaks in Mediterranean countries like Italy and Spain. A significant spread of the disease throughout Europe was prevented by generally high standards of drinking water and sewage treatment. Sporadic cases of typhoid fever were imported from countries with low standards of hygiene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The success of hygiene in the last 40 years]. 250 Jul 98

General screening investigations with various antigens were carried out with a view to further specific investigations being carried out on the Cape Verde Islands concerning infectious diseases. Serological positive reactions were found in Mumps, Adeno, PLT, Cytomegaly, Herpes, Para-influenza 1, 2, 3, Influenza A and B, Mycoplasmosis, RS-Virus, Gonorrhoea, Hepatitis A and B, R. conori, Malaria, Syphilis, Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Varicella, Legionella, Picornavirus, Measles, German Measles, Listeriosis, Toxoplasmosis and Amoebic dysentery.
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PMID:Serological screenings of various infectious diseases on the Cape Verde Islands (West Africa). 344 44

In serological investigations undertaken in two hospitals in Nigeria a total of 188 blood samples were examined and the following positive reactions for various diseases found: malaria 100%, leishmaniasis 9.5%, biharziasis 2.1%, yersinia 16.4%, Legionella pn. 9%, gonorrhea 6%, syphilis 6.9%, measles 65.4%, rubella 84%, cytomegalic 78.2%, herpes simplex 67%, varicella 30.8%, Resp. sync. virus 34.6%, influenza A 57.4%, influenza B 73.9%, para-influenza 1, 2, 3, 20.7%, 16.5%, 52.6%, adenovirus 25%, Mycoplasma pneumoniae 33.5%.
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PMID:Serological testing of human blood samples for infectious diseases in the Abeokuta and the Minna Hospitals/Nigeria. 344 50

Travelers to developing countries participated in a follow-up study of the health risks associated with short (less than three months) visits to these nations. Travelers to the Greek or Canary Islands served as a control cohort. Participants completed a questionnaire to elicit information regarding pretravel vaccinations, malaria prophylaxis, and health problems during and after their journey. Relevant infections were confirmed by the respondent's personal physician. The questionnaire was completed by 10,524 travelers; the answer rate was 73.8%. After a visit to developing countries, 15% of the travelers reported health problems, 8% consulted a doctor, and 3% were unable to work for an average of 15 days. The incidence of infection per month abroad was as follows: giardiasis, 7/1,000; amebiasis, 4/1,000; hepatitis, 4/1,000; gonorrhea, 3/1,000; and malaria, helminthiases, or syphilis, less than 1/1,000. There were no cases of typhoid fever or cholera.
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PMID:Health problems after travel to developing countries. 359 28

A comparison of pregnancy course and outcome between 648 Hmong refugee women and 5278 non-Hmong controls, all of whom delivered at a Minnesota medical center in 1976-83, indicated that Hmong women were 5 times as likely to have a history of previous perinatal loss. In terms of demographic factors, Hmong women were more likely to be age 35 years or above at delivery (14% versus 2% among controls), to be grant multiparas (33% versus 3% among controls), and to be married (95% versus 61% among controls). While 59% of controls began prenatal care during the 1st trimester, only 16% of Hmong women fell into this category and 31% delayed receiving care until the 3rd trimester. A review of the obstetric histories revealed that 18.1% of Hmong women compared with 3.7% of controls had experienced 1 or more previous perinatal loss. Medical conditions found with significant frequency in the Hmong population included anemia, tuberculosis, malaria, and parasitic infestations. Preeclampsia, hypertension, diabetes, urinary and vaginal infections, and gonorrhea occurred less frequently among Hmong women than among controls. Moreover, the incidence of premature rupture of the membranes was only 4.2% among Hmong women compared to 11.8% among controls. The prematurity rate was 48.5/1000 in the study group and 117/1000 in controls; in addition, only 7.8% of Hmong infants compared to 10.9% of control infants were low birthweight (under 2500 grams). The perinatal mortality rate was similar in both groups: 14.6/1000 among Hmong infants and 15.0/1000 among controls. Contraception was accepted by 50% of the Hmong mothers, but under 10% remained users 12 months after delivery and 27% were pregnant again. The generally good pregnancy outcomes recorded among these Hmong women despite the existence of numerous high-risk factors--short stature, advanced maternal age, grand multiparity, late prenatal care, and poor nutrition--is surprising. It appears that relocation to the US has enabled this population to overcome the factors that contributed to their previous high rates of perinatal loss.
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PMID:Pregnancy in Hmong refugee women. 369 14

An influx of Indochinese refugees into the Philadelphia area prompted a review of their reproductive performance as related to parasitic diseases and other infectious complications. A total of 100 infants were delivered of 97 women over an 18-month period (41 Vietnamese, 28 Laotian, 26 Cambodian, 2 Thai). Intestinal parasites were present in 65% of the mothers. Additional infections included 1 case of malaria, 1 of gonorrhea, 4 of syphilis, 5 of hepatitis B surface antigen and 12 of positive tuberculin (5-tuberculin-unit) skin tests. When comparing Southeast Asian gravidas with and without parasites, there were no significant differences between mean hemoglobin values, mean gestational age at delivery and mean birth weights of their infants. Although the Southeast Asian refugees had a high rate of infectious complications, they proved to have favorable pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.
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PMID:Intestinal parasites and other infections during pregnancy in Southeast Asian refugees. 406 41

The Falashas live in the northwestern part of the Ethiopian plateau and practice an ancient form of Judaism. In response to reports of epidemics, poor sanitary conditions, and a lack of health providers, world Jewish organizations have sent a physician to serve this widely dispersed minority population. Three dispensary clinics were established and provide free treatment. During 1962-63, 847 Falashas families and 948 non-Falashas families visited these centers. Major complaints included gastrointestinal problems (17.1%), musculoskeletal pain (15.6%), and upper respiratory tract infection (6.8%). As a result of religious restrictions and self-imposed isolation, syphilis and gonorrhea are absent among the Falashas. Since children are breast fed for at least 2 years without adequate supplementary feeding, protein-calorie deficiency is widespread. On the other hand, nutritional anemias are rare. Small outbreaks of typhoid fever occur during the rainy season and malaria and smallpox epidemics have been reported. 75% of stools examined were positive for parasites. Falasha women deliver at home with the assistance of a local midwife. Unexpected was the willingness of pregnant women to visit the maternal-child clinic for routine examinations in the last months of pregnancy.
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PMID:Medical work among the Falashas of Ethiopia. 603 88

Teso District in eastern Uganda with low fertility (crude birth rate in 1969 was 37/1000), and Ankole District in western Uganda with high fertility (55/1000), were selected to study malaria, nutrition, gonorrhea, and syphilis. The gonorrhea methodology for women included genital examination and endocervical smears and cultures. Husbands of gonococcal-negative fertile and infertile women also were examined for the presence of gonorrhea and evidence of infection in the past. Three hundred and forty-three women in Teso and 250 in Ankole underwent medical examination. In the Teso District, 84 (25%) of the women, as compared with 22 (8.9%) in Ankole, complained of lower abdominal pain (p 0.001). Seven women in Teso but none in Ankole had signs of bartholinitis. Mucopurulent discharge in the vagina was found in 56 (19%) of the Teso women as compared with 17 (10%) of the Ankole women (p 0.02). 90 (30.5%) of the women in Teso but only 21 (12.5%) women in Ankole had an eroded and/or infected cervix (p 0.001). Evidence of salpingitis was obtained in 56 (19%) of the Teso women as compared with 10 (5.9%) Ankole women (p 0.001). A tender adnexal mass was felt in 23 (7.8%) of the Teso sample but in only one (0.6%) in Ankole. Among the women in Teso, 54 (18.3%) had a positive cervical smear or culture for gonorrhea, but only four (2.4%) in Ankole had similar positive tests (p 0.001). Evidence of pelvic inflammatory disease was present in 17% of the infected Teso women. None of the infected Ankole women, however, had PID. Cervical secretions showed gonococci in only 10% of the infertile women as compared with 23% of the fertile women. However, 24.5% of husbands of the gonococcal-negative infertile women, as compared with 6.7% of husbands of the gonococcal-negative fertile women, were found to have active gonorrhea (p 0.01). In this group 75.5%, and 57.7% of husbands, respectively, had a past history of urethral discharge (p 0.05), while 18.4% and 5.8%, respectively, had bilaterally thickened epididymides (p 0.05).
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PMID:Gonorrhea and female infertility in rural Uganda. 746 80

This brief editorial argues in favor of making acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) a notifiable disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), AIDS will cause more deaths in sub-Saharan Africa than anywhere else in the world over the next 3 years. More children will die from AIDS than from malaria or from measles. The number of cases of tuberculosis, in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), will also rise, creating an uncontrollable pandemic under present policies. The argument that notification requirements will drive AIDS underground (Dr. Prozesky of the Medical Research Council at the launch of the AIDS Bulletin) is indefensible. Patients who have contracted syphilis or gonorrhea, with regard to privacy and confidentiality, are questioned about sources of their infection; however, preventive action follows that protects public health. This cannot be left as a personal option (G Stewart, Nursing Times, 1993, Vol 89, No 26). Group rights collide with individual rights; however, groups as well as individuals have human rights. The greater responsibility is to public health, rather than to individual sensitivity.
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PMID:Should AIDS be notifiable? 826 78


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