Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to assess renal pathology, 92 clinically well-documented cases of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in adults (median age: 29) were systematically biopsied upon admission to the University Hospital of Kinshasa, between 1986 and 1989. All biopsies were paraffin embedded and histologically assessed by the routine methods of light microscopic examination. Histologic lesions were classified according to standard criteria. Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSG) was found in 41% of patients. The remaining 59% included minimal epithelial disease or minimal change nephropathy (MCN) responsive to corticosteroid therapy (14%), proliferative glomerulonephritis (PGN) (11%), membranous glomerulopathy (MGP) (10%), amyloidosis (10%), membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) (8%), and "end stage kidney" (ESK) (7%). These results strikingly indicate the high prevalence of FSG. In comparison with previous findings from the same milieu, there is a seven-fold increase of this entity (41% versus 6%). The findings herein reported define a new histologic profile of NS in Zaire, characterized by the predominance of FSG. While in the past the vast majority of NS (52%) were putatively related to the intercurrent parasitic diseases, among which malaria was the chief etiology, similar associations were less important. Instead, no definite causative agent emerged for this apparently idiopathic condition. Further epidemiological and morphological intercorrelation studies, as well as the studies aimed at the relationships with AIDS, are in progress, with the purpose of identifying putative etiologies and risk factors responsible for the increase of FSG in Zaire.
 ...
PMID:Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in nephrotic syndrome: a new profile of adult nephrotic syndrome in Zaire. 848 81

Twenty-six cases (4.8%) from a total of 540 patients with acute renal failure (ARF) of diverse aetiology had ARF in association with falciparum malaria. Their ages ranged from 15 to 85 years (mean 31.2). Urinary sediment abnormalities and proteinuria (less than 1 g/24 h) were observed in 15 (57.7%) cases. The probable underlying factors leading to ARF were: volume depletion 17 (65.3%), intravascular haemolysis 8 (30.8%), hyperparasitaemia 8 (30.8%), cholestatic jaundice 6 (23%), and hypotension 5 (19.2%). Dialysis therapy was required in 15 patients (57.7%) as they had severe renal failure, and the remaining 11 patients improved with supportive measures. All patients received antimalarial therapy. The clinical course of ARF was consistent with acute tubular necrosis in 20 patients. Six cases were subjected to percutaneous renal biopsy. One patient showed histological features of necrotizing glomerulonephritis along with acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. The biopsies in the other five patients showed features of acute tubular necrosis in three, and acute interstitial oedema with patchy tubular necrosis in two. The mortality rate was 30.8%. Thus falciparum malaria, which has been an important cause of ARF in certain highly endemic zones of India, is showing an increasing prevalence in other parts such as Eastern Uttar Pradesh due to an imbalance between the increasing population and inadequate sanitary facilities, which further worsen during floods.
 ...
PMID:Acute renal failure in falciparum malaria--increasing prevalence in some areas of India--a need for awareness. 930 75

The ultrastructural pathological alteration of the renal glomeruli is described in nine patients with acute Plasmodium falciparum infection. Glomeruli were large and hypercellular with various types of blood cells in their capillary lumena. These were occasionally occluded with enlarged endothelial cells. Epithelial cells, or podocytes, were hypertrophied with extensively diffused foot processes fusion and numerous villous transformation, or appeared cedemalous filling the urinary space. The glomeruli basement membrane was irregular in thickness or focally missing. Mesangial cells were undergoing proliferation and contained electron-dense deposits. Subendothelial, "hump"-like deposits, similar to those previously described in immune complex nephritis, were detected in most cases; but the largest amount was found in the three youngest patients in whom parasitaemia levels were the highest. This study showed that the kidney may become the target damage mediated by immunopathologic mechanism, and the developed lesions may correspond, for certain extent, to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with abnormal deposits, during the acute infection with falciparum malaria. The amount and density of the immune complex deposit could be correlated with the degree of parasitaemia and, in return with the degree of glomerular immunopathological alterations.
 ...
PMID:Falciparum malaria in naturally infected human patients: X. Ultrastructural pathological alterations of renal glomeruli. 914 Apr 86

This study was undertaken to attempt to identify correlations between microsporidial seroprevalence data in man, clinical diseases and groups of people at the risk of HIV/AIDS infection. Groups of patients were selected according to the predilection of members of the genus Encephalitozoon for nervous and kidney tissue. Female prostitutes and alcohol and intravenous drug abusers were selected as groups at risk of HIV/AIDS infections. A total of 401 samples of human sera were examined for the presence of antimicrosporidial IgG antibodies by ELISA test with a titre of 600 considered borderline positivity. The highest occurrence of antimicrosporidial antibodies was found in the groups of alcohol abusers (16% from 43 patients), intravenous drug abusers (11% from 9 patients) and prostitutes (10% from 80 women) for E. cuniculi antigen and in the groups of psychiatric patients (14% from 44 patients), malaria patients (11% from 38 patients) and alcohol abusers (7% from 43 patients) for E. hellem antigen. The occurrence of specific antibodies of the six examined diagnostic units (glomerulonephritis chronica, pyelonephritis chronica, schizophrenia, dementia, multiple sclerosis and cerebral stroke) was statistically significant only in patients with pyelonephritis chronica and dementia (p < 0.05). No cases of microsporidial infection were found among the female prostitutes by parasitological examination, although one case of giardiasis was identified. Sera of patients with high anti-E. cuniculi and anti-E. hellem antibodies (titres in ELISA of 600 and above) were confirmed by Western blot using E. cuniculi and E. hellem polypeptides, respectively. These results suggest that the examined patients could show residual antibodies from past or latent infections.
 ...
PMID:The serological surveillance of several groups of patients using antigens of Encephalitozoon hellem and E. cuniculi antibodies to microsporidia in patients. 968 20

Renal and renal-related disorders commonly occur in infection with Plasmodium falciparum, which can cause fluid and electrolyte disorders, glomerulonephritis, and acute renal failure (ARF). It appears that ARF and other life-threatening complications in falciparum malaria are not directly caused by the parasite itself but are the result of interaction of mechanical, immunologic, and humoral components. P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes impair microcirculation and cause hemolysis. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol moieties covalently linked to the surface antigens of falciparum malarial parasites appear to act like endotoxin. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol, via CD14, which is a receptor on monocytes, stimulates monocytes to release tumor necrosis factor, which in turn enhances synthesis of various cytokine cascades and mediators. Besides contributing to ARF, these mediators also cause changes in blood volume status. The degree of vasodilatation caused by vasodilating mediators varies with the severity of infection. Increased vascular permeability by the mediators occurs in severe infection, which results in hypovolemia and contributes to ARF. Although the cornerstone of treatment of malaria still is antimalarial drugs, several new modalities of treatment targeting toxin, signal transduction, mediators, and cytokines have great potential.
 ...
PMID:Falciparum malaria and the kidney: a model of inflammation. 974 Jan 51

Malaria infections often cause glomerulonephritis (GN), and multiple factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of glomerular injury. The role of cytokines in malaria associated glomerulonephritis has not been clearly defined. To study the importance of cytokines in malarial nephritis, we investigated the expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-6, IL-10 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in kidneys acutely infected with murine malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei ANKA in C57BL/6 J mice. Groups of six mice sacrificed on days 5, 8-10, 15, and 20 postinfection, and normal controls were used for cytokine analysis. Elevated levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) specific for these cytokines in infected kidneys after day 5 postinfection were demonstrated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Kidney sections stained with specific antibodies against TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and GM-CSF by immunohistochemistry showed that the staining for these cytokines on the glomeruli was positive from day 10 postinfection, and increased progressively, mainly in the infiltrating macrophages and the glomerular mesangium. Strong correlation was found between the expression of TNF-alpha with IL-6, and IL-1alpha with IL-6. The expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6, and IL-10 also strongly correlated with the severity of proteinuria. Our findings show that there is up-regulation of cytokines in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis associated with murine malaria infection.
 ...
PMID:Up-regulation of cytokines in glomerulonephritis associated with murine malaria infection. 1046 63

In the tropical north of Australia there are high rates of infections in Aboriginal children living in remote communities. In addition to the burden of respiratory infections, diarrhoeal disease and skin sepsis, there are high rates of acute rheumatic fever, outbreaks of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and gonococcal conjunctivitis, endemic trachoma and various intestinal parasites. A number of infections generally restricted to the tropics are also present and can cause disease in both indigenous and non-indigenous children. These include melioidosis, Murray Valley encephalitis and dengue on the east coast. With global warming, these infections may become more common and more widespread within Australia and the potential for establishment of introduced infections such as Japanese encephalitis and malaria may increase.
 ...
PMID:Childhood infections in the tropical north of Australia. 1153 49

Malaria is widely prevalent in the tropics. Clinically significant renal and renal-related disorders commonly occur in infection with Plasmodium falciparum and P. malariae. Falciparum malaria causes fluid and electrolyte disorders, transient and mild glomerulonephritis, and acute renal failure (ARF). It appears that ARF is mediated by a complex interaction of mechanical, immunologic, cytokine, humoral, acute phase response, nonspecific factors, and hemodynamic factors. Parasitized erythrocytes play a central role in all aforementioned pathogenic factors of ARF. Antimalarial drugs are still the cornerstone of treatment of falciparum infection. Because of the hypercatabolic state of falciparum malaria-induced ARF, hemodialysis as well as peritoneal dialysis should be immediately performed when there is a rapid increase of creatinine concentration. P. malariae, in contradistinction, can cause chronic glomerulopathy that may relentlessly progress to end-stage renal disease. Antimalarial drugs, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive agents are not effective.
 ...
PMID:Malarial nephropathy. 1256 98

Renal diseases unique to the tropics are those that occur in association with infectious diseases including dengue hemorrhagic fever, typhoid fever, shigellosis, leptospirosis, lepromatous leprosy, malaria, opisthorchiasis, and schistosomiasis. These renal complications can be classified on the basis of their clinical and pathologic characteristics into acute transient reversible glomerulonephritis, chronic progressive irreversible glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis, and acute renal failure (ARF) resulting from acute tubular necrosis, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, and thrombotic microangiopathy. Certain primary glomerular diseases including immunoglobulin (Ig) M nephropathy and focal segmental and global glomerulosclerosis are prevalent in some tropical countries. Renal complications of venomous snakebites also are common in the tropics. This article discusses and summarizes important works in the literature in respect to the clinical syndromes, pathologic features, and pathogenesis of tropical renal diseases both in humans and experimental animal models.
 ...
PMID:Pathology of renal diseases in the tropics. 1256 4

In a study performed in Tamale, in the Northern region of Ghana, cystatin C, a new and sensitive indicator of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), was used to estimate the frequency of renal dysfunction in 78 children with uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The excretion in urine of albumin, immunoglobulin G and alpha1-microglobulin was also investigated. Plasma concentrations of cystatin C were found to be elevated in 17% of the children, indicating subclinical impairment of renal function. As most (85%) of the children had glomerular as well as tubular patterns of proteinuria, it appears that both glomerulonephritis and damage to tubular cells often occur in P. falciparum malaria.
 ...
PMID:Renal dysfunction in children with uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Tamale, Ghana. 1283 20


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 Next >>