Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To assess knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions about bancroftian filariasis, 104 residents of an endemic area in Haiti were interviewed. Questions focused on 1) whether people understood the relationship between infection and disease, 2) recognition of the role that mosquitoes play in transmission, 3) perceived importance of hydrocele and elephantiasis in relation to other recognized diseases, and 4) the willingness of the community to participate in a control program. Fewer than 50% of residents had heard of filariasis and only 6% of those surveyed knew that it was transmitted by mosquitoes. In contrast, all persons knew of the clinical conditions of hydrocele and elephantiasis. Hydrocele was thought to be caused by trauma (60%) or trapped gas (30%); elephantiasis by walking bare foot on soil or water (37%) or by use of ceremonial powder that had been sprinkled on the ground (23%). Of 76 respondents, 53% and 38% thought that hydrocele could be treated through surgery or a drug, respectively, whereas 86 respondents, 85% and 15% believed that either surgery or a drug could be used to treat elephantiasis. In this context, persons were not referring to a specific drug; rather, they believed a drug existed (possibly in some other country) that could cure these conditions. Hydrocele and elephantiasis ranked second to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome as perceived health problems, most likely because residents believed treatment for conditions such as malaria, intestinal worms, anemia, and diarrhea was easily obtained. Responses were influenced by age, sex, and symptoms, but none of these effects were statistically significant except that persons with hydrocele or elephantiasis were more likely to have sought treatment than persons without these conditions (P = 0.0006). The survey results indicate that awareness of the causes of disease, the relationship between infection and disease, and goals of treatment must be heightened through community-based education campaigns to increase the possibility of acceptance and support of control programs.
 ...
PMID:A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAPs) of lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis, and hydrocele among residents in an endemic area in Haiti. 860 Jul 70

The cultural context of forest onchocerciasis was studied in the Boulou and Baka ethnic communities in the Dja-Lobo Division of southern Cameroon. A 2-day survey used focus group interviews followed by a questionnaire administered to 212 randomly selected individuals in 8 communities (88 male and 124 females heads of household) to assess their knowledge about onchocerciasis. Most people (98%) had some knowledge about the disease. Minak was the term used for filariasis by most people (97%) and people knew (90%) that black fly (nyamendimi) was responsible for its transmission. Other vectors of the illness identified were mosquitoes, dirty water, sorcery, and taboo foods. 81% thought that maternal transmission was possible and 66% indicated that filariasis could be transmitted sexually. Virtually all respondents associated itching and rash with minak (filariasis) and more than 60% also recognized the swelling of the skin and leopard skin as manifestations of filariasis. Filariasis, malaria, worms, and blindness were placed in the middle category when the severity of various diseases was ranked by 20 Boulou adults. In contrast, the Baka did not think that filariasis caused blindness, nor that it is linked to eye-worms. However, the 212 individuals ranked blindness as the most severe among other diseases (filaria, malaria, diarrhea, and intestinal worms). 80% of the Boulou and Baka adults had had filariasis in the previous year, but only 5% of the Boulou children and none of the Baka children had had filariasis during that time period. With respect to intestinal worms, 71% of the Boulou adults and 60% of the Baka adults had had intestinal worms in the previous year, while more than 90% of the Boulou children and all of the Baka children had had intestinal worms. Of the 90% who revealed that they had had filariasis at least once before, 69% sought treatment. 54% had tried traditional treatment, while 50% had tried Notezine, 49% had tried Phenergan, and 38% had tried M.G. Lumiere.
 ...
PMID:Ivermectin distribution and the cultural context of forest onchocerciasis in South Province, Cameroon. 864 8

The total of 75 mosquito species recorded in Accra have declined to 28 species. Contributing factors to this decline and the reduction in prevalence of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in Accra presently include extensive water pollution and a fairly high daily mosquito mortality due to several factors including loss of natural adult resting places, use of mosquito repellents and the probable increase of Anopheles arabiensis population. Presently low yellow fever incidence is due inter alia to loss of its feral vectors and reduced intradomiciliary breeding of Aedes aegypti (L) although more common species like A. gambiae s.l., A. aegypti and C. p. quinquefasciatus could between them transmit many other arboviruses. However because of ready availability of human blood, spill-over of viruses from reservoir hosts to man will be rare. Ipso factor, malaria is the most common mosquito-borne disease with centripetal distribution of prevalence.
 ...
PMID:Impact of rapid urbanization on mosquitoes and their disease transmission potential in Accra and Tema, Ghana. 866 99

Malaria constitutes a major public health problem in the Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros. This problem is relatively recent from the historical point of view of the archipelago. It represents 15 to 30% of the hospitalization cases and 15 to 20% of the registered deaths in the pediatric services. The epidemiological data collected show that the characteristics of malaria transmission continue for the stable type; however, the epidemiological situation varies from one island to another. The principal vectors of malaria are Anopheles gambiae s.l. and A. funestus. Of the four parasitic species, P. falciparum remains the most dominant, as it is responsible for 95% of the paludal attacks. Important progress has been accomplished during the last several years in the fight against malaria in the Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros, with the elaboration of national politics (October 1992), a national strategy for an antivectorial fight (August 1993) and a practical guide for the treatment and prevention of malaria and filariasis (October 1993). These important achievements allow the establishment of more vigorous and better targeted future actions.
 ...
PMID:[Epidemiology and control of malaria in the Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros]. 878 41

The serum levels of three major granulocyte proteins were measured in patients with onchocerciasis, bancroftian filariasis and intestinal schistosomiasis and compared to controls from patients with malaria, Africans living in areas not endemic for these infections and healthy Germans. The investigation comprised the determination of the eosinophil granule proteins eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN/EPX), and the neutrophil/monocyte granule protein myeloperoxidase (MPO). ECP and EDN/EPX levels were found elevated only in the three helminth infections that are associated with eosinophilia, while MPO was found elevated in all tested disease groups. The levels of eosinophil granule proteins observed in the helminth diseases by far exceeded those described for bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. ECP, EDN/EPX and MPO serum levels reflect the ongoing disease and are related to functional activity of the respective leukopoetic system. ECP and EDN/EPX appear to be markers of the eosinophil effector system and MPO a marker of the neutrophil and/or monocyte/macrophage effector system. Significantly higher ECP levels in chronic hyperreactive onchodermatitis (sowda) versus generalized onchocerciasis seem to reflect an augmented degree of antigenic stimulation, eosinophil activation and eosinophil turnover rates, indicating a more active mechanism of parasite clearance in sowda patients.
 ...
PMID:Serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and myeloperoxidase in infections with filariae and schistosomes. 902 85

The Mianmin are a mobile population occupying a remote lower montane area at 100-1200 m altitude in the north-western interior of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Major medical problems include malaria and bancroftian filariasis. An entomological survey conducted along an altitudinal transect from 170 to 1000m identified Anopheles koliensis as the predominant malaria vector below 650 m, with A. punctulatus dominating at the higher elevations. Proportions of mosquitoes with malaria circumsporozoite antigens diminished with increasing altitude, as did the proportion of mosquitoes infected with stage 3 larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti. These patterns are consistent with increases in the length of the extrinsic incubation period associated with the lower temperatures found at higher altitudes. Inoculation rates varied less regularly with altitude, owing to local variation in biting rates, but were sufficient even at the higher elevations to maintain a high parasite prevalence in the human population. Results support recent suggestions that the 'population-sink' model of the PNG highland fringes needs additionally to consider local variation due to non-altitude-related ecological factors.
 ...
PMID:Altitude and the risk of bites from mosquitoes infected with malaria and filariasis among the Mianmin people of Papua New Guinea. 909 15

The field tests of combined use of Romanomermis yunanensis 2000-3000 larvae per sq m and Romanomermis sp 1000-2000 larvae per sq m in rice fields. Ponds and streams in four cities of China, resulted in 60.8-95.5% parasitism in Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Anopheles sinensis and An. anthropophagus. This successful use of two species of Romanomermis together not only curb mosquito nuisance it also controls the major vectors of malaria, filariasis and encephalitis B in China.
 ...
PMID:Field trials of combined use of two species of mermithid nematodes to control Anopheles and Culex breeding in China. 912 29

A specific monoclonal antibody (AW-3C2) as revealed by ELISA was produced against the adult worm antigens of Parastrongylus cantonensis and used in a sandwich ELISA for the detection of circulating antigens in the sera of parastrongyliasis patients and those with other parasitic diseases. A total of 60 sera was used in this study. Of these, 10 each were from patients with parastrongyliasis, cysticercosis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, malaria and toxocariasis. The control group consisted of 53 serum samples from normal healthy Thais and Malaysians. The mean +/- optical density (OD) values for the normal Thai and Malaysian groups were 0.126 +/- 0.028 and 0.124 +/- 0.029, respectively. The mean OD values of the parastrongyliasis patient group differed significantly from that of the normal groups as well as those of other parasitic infections. Using a cut-off point of OD +/- 3SD of the control groups as indicating a positive reading, the specificity of the assay with this monoclonal antibody was 100% while the sensitivity was 50%.
 ...
PMID:Detection of circulating antigens of Parastrongylus cantonensis in human sera by sandwich ELISA with specific monoclonal antibody. 913 82

Genome projects have been established for 7 major groups of human parasitic infections: malaria, leishmaniasis, African trypanosomiasis, American trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, schistosomiasis and filariasis. All except malaria and toxoplasmosis have come under the umbrella of the World Health Organization's Strategic Committee on Parasite Genome Analysis. The focus of this meeting of the Society was to review progress made in the Leishmania and African trypanosome genome projects. This paper introduces the genome projects and reviews briefly progress in pulsed-field gel karyotype mapping and gene identification via expressed sequence tag sequencing for the leishmaniasis genome project. The overall aim of the genome projects is to harness the latest developments in molecular genetic technology and sequence analysis for the rapid-generation of new data which may, in turn, revolutionize our approaches to the study of the biology of these organisms.
 ...
PMID:Parasite genome analysis. Progress in the Leishmania genome project. 919 42

In October 1988-January 1989, as a part of a malaria and filariasis control programme in Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros an entomological survey was carried out in 19 rural and urban localities of Grande Comore. Anjouan and Moheli Islands. The potential breeding places were examined and pyrethrum spray catches were made to evaluate the indoor resting densities of mosquitos. A total of 14.578 adult mosquitos potential vectors of filariasis was collected: 94.5% Culex quinquefasciatus, 3.5% Anopheles gambiae s. str. 1.9% A. funestus and 0.1% other anopheline species. A. funestus, uniformly spread in Moheli, was present only in the south-west coast of Anjouan and absent in Grande Comore. A. gambiae and Cx quinquefasciatus were present in Grande Comore. A. gambiae and Cx quinquefasciatus were present in the three islands with different densities in the villages. Only Cx quinquefasciatus specimens la maximum of 150 for each locality) were dissected to search filaria larvae being the Anopheles specimens used to evaluate the malaria transmission. The global infection rate (9.4%) and the infectivity rate (0.9%) observed in Cx quinquefasciatus are higher than indices reported in previous surveys. All the larvae in the third development instar (L3) were identified as Wuchereria bancrofti. The results suggest that in FIR of Comoros W. bancrofti is well adopted to local Cx quinquefasciatus population. Because of the presence of high mosquito density this species plays a prominent role in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in that area. The high transmission levels calls for the implementation of a specific control program.
 ...
PMID:[Role of Culex quinquefasciatus in the transmission of bancroftian filariasis in the Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros (Indian Ocean)]. 923 95


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10