Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vector-borne diseases including dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, leishmaniasis, and filariasis remain severe public health problems in most of the countries in which they are endemic. In some cases, their incidence is increasing and they are spreading to new geographic areas. For a number of the infections, the most effective manner of controlling their transmission is through control of their vectors. However, in some instances, such as dengue and Chagas' disease, there is no alternative. Most countries that are endemic for vector-borne diseases maintain vector control services, and most large tropical and semitropical cities also have pest control programs, mainly against pest mosquitoes. Virtually all of the vector and pest control programs depend on the use of insecticides formulated as larvicides, adulticides, baits, or insecticide impregnated bed nets. For many years, the development of new insecticides for use in public health programs was encouraged and supported by multilateral and bilateral health agencies, including the implementation of field trials in endemic areas. Due to the development of insecticide resistance, toxicologic and environmental considerations, and the cost of development and of registration, the number of compounds available for use has declined while the number of new insecticides submitted for laboratory and field trials to the World Health Organization has dwindled even more. The recrudescence of vector-borne diseases, the rapid pace of urbanization, lagging development of environmental services in many tropical cities, and difficulties encountered in ensuring the community's cooperation in its own protection through environmental measures make imperative the continued availability of pesticides for public health use. Since only the pesticide manufacturing industry has the combination of technical and financial resources to promulgate the research and development of new pesticides and pesticide groups, it is suggested that governments, bilateral, and multilateral organizations explore the manner in which they can assist industry in the development of new compounds and guarantee the continued availability of effective and safe pesticides for vector-control programs.
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PMID:What role for insecticides in vector control programs? 802 77

Vector control may be accomplished by environmental management (EM), which consists of permanent or long-term modification of the environment, temporary or seasonal manipulation of the environment, and modifying or changing our life styles and practices to reduce human contact with infective vectors. The primary focus of this paper is EM in the control of human malaria, filariasis, arboviruses, Chagas' disease, and schistosomiasis. Modern EM developed as a discipline based primarily in ecologic principles and lessons learned from the adverse environmental impacts of rural development projects. Strategies such as the suppression of vector populations through the provision of safe water supplies, proper sanitation, solid waste management facilities, sewerage and excreta disposal systems, water manipulation in dams and irrigation systems, vector diversion by zooprophylaxis, and vector exclusion by improved housing, are discussed with appropriate examples. Vectors of malaria, filariasis, Chagas' disease, and schistosomiasis have been controlled by drainage or filling aquatic breeding sites, improved housing and sanitation, the use of expanded polystyrene beads, zooprophylaxis, or the provision of household water supplies. Community participation has been effective in the suppression of dengue vectors in Mexico and the Dominican Republic. Alone or combined with other vector control methods, EM has been proven to be a successful approach to vector control in a number of places. The future of EM in vector control looks promising.
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PMID:Environmental management: a re-emerging vector control strategy. 802 83

An immunological test based on indirect (plate) ELISA has been successfully standardized and modified using promastigote soluble antigen. The test carried out on 813 subjects from a kala-azar endemic area (including parasitologically confirmed patients, subjects presenting with clinical symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis and endemic controls) and a non-endemic area (with diseases other than kala-azar and apparently normal subjects) was found to detect, specifically, antileishmanial antibodies. The plate ELISA has been simplified to a more sensitive dot-ELISA where the results are read within 2-3 h. The antigen requirement is 250 ng per test. No cross-reactivity with sera from patients of malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, amoebiasis and filariasis was observed. The follow up monitoring of antibodies in successfully treated kala-azar patients showed a decline of antibodies. A drop of blood taken on filter paper is sufficient to conduct the test. Dot ELISA therefore is a simple, inexpensive and stable test in serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.
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PMID:Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the diagnosis of kala-azar in Malda district (West Bengal). 814 6

By dynamic modeling based on Ross & MacDonald's mathematical model, the characteristics of rapid transmission of malaria and slow transmission of filariasis was compared. The dynamic mechanism showed that the infection efficiency in filariasis, namely, the probability of becoming infected in man by one infective bite of mosquito, was much lower than that in malaria; hence the vectorial capacity or transmission velocity in filariasis was also markedly lower than that in malaria. Since the intensity of infection i.e. the microfilaria density can largely affect the infection efficiency in filariasis, drug treatment, especially using DEC-medicated salt can reduce the intensity of infection and the infection efficiency, thus interrupting transmission finally. However, for malaria, only when the measures for mosquito vector control (including mosquito proofing) are taken as a priority to reduce the vectorial capacity or transmission velocity, malaria can then be controlled subsequently. These theoretical analyses are being demonstrated by the practice for malaria and filariasis control in our country, which could also be used as a theoretical base for enlightening the successful filariasis control strategies in our country.
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PMID:[Comparison of the transmission dynamics and the control effects between malaria and filariasis by using mathematical model]. 816 40

In pre-colonial times, health in some Pacific countries was good compared with that of Europe. Illnesses such as scrofula, rheumatism, and filariasis often received herbal treatment. More recently, however, traditional diet throughout the region have been replaced by canned fish, biscuit, white flour products, and sugar-laden food. New illnesses and diseases have emerged in Pacific countries since European intrusion. Though malaria is still the primary cause of death in Vanuatu, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and coronary heart disease are prime health concerns in most Pacific countries. In Kiribati, health educators use materials in discussion groups and schoolteachers use special materials on AIDS in their teaching, Calendars are produced in cooperation with national nutrition and family planning (FP) groups and agencies that highlight health topics such as AIDS and vitamin-A deficiency. Material produced by the Vanuatu health education unit features nutrition, the environment, FP, and AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The government's Women's Affairs Department the International Labor Organization and other agencies are involved in FP and family life education. In Fiji and the Solomon Islands, nutrition has been highlighted in health education campaigns. In both countries surveys indicated alarming levels of diet-related disease. Another important nutrition project in the Solomon Islands is the village education program. At a training center, trainers conduct 15 practical courses for mobile workers, community workers, and village resource persons. Under this program, 60 village-level workshops are held each year focusing on nutrition, cooking, and gardening. Nutrition is now a major focus of health in the Pacific. The health, nutrition, education, fisheries, and agricultural sectors work with other agencies for success through community participation and through an integrated approach.
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PMID:Popular participation in community health programmes. 818 58

In traditional healing, practitioners use barks, leaves, nuts, fruit juices and roots, and parts of domestic animals. They practice their craft mostly in Africa, Asia, and other Third World countries, and they are variously called juju priests, diviners, herbalists, and witch doctors. Cases of achievements in their contributions to preventive and curative health have been documented. In Nigeria, clients regularly patronize both orthodox and traditional medical practitioners. Their remedies include healing the bite of the very poisonous carpet viper, chronic bronchitis, peptic ulcer, and heart problems, as well as performing uvulectomy and tonsillectomy. Quinine, the cure for malaria, was originally the ritual medicine of the Incas of Peru. It was confirmed that Azadirachta Indica (Meliaceae), the neem tree, used against malaria in Nigeria, India, and Asia, had a potent antiplasmodial activity. The plant Streblus asper, Linn (Shakhotoha Siora) is well known in Indian Ayurvedic medicine to treat fever, filariasis, dysentery, and diarrhea. The alkaloids derived from the Madagascan periwinkle Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae), used in a West Indian remedy for diabetes mellitus, have antitumor activity. The drug Maytensine, obtained from Mytenus ovatus Loes (Celastraceae), was found to be a powerful antitumor agent in animals. Tea made from the leaves of Osyris wightiana stimulated the flow of breast milk and also acted as a labor-inducing agent. Saponaria officinalis and Enterobbium cyclocarpum are both used in Egypt and Tanzania as spermicide contraceptives. A 1985 survey in Cross River State, Nigeria, demonstrated that 165 (61%) of respondents went to traditional healers for treatment. Part of their continued popularity is the person-centered approach that is virtually lacking in orthodox hospitals, although this humanistic approach to therapy is gradually gaining inroads into Western medical education. The services of both kinds of medicine could be harmonized by open-minded appraisal, identification of positive aspects, and acceptance of their complimentary nature.
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PMID:Exploration of the frontiers of tradomedical practices: basis for development of alternative medical healthcare services in developing countries. 841 Sep 12

More than half the world's population is at risk of the tropical diseases malaria, leprosy, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis, and half a billion people are infected with at least one of these diseases. We present statistic on the population at risk and the infected population, and on the major morbidity and mortality attributable to each of these diseases. During the next decade the prevalence of leprosy, Chagas disease, and onchocerciasis is expected to fall, but for the other tropical diseases the epidemiological situation may remain stagnant or even worsen.
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PMID:The burden of tropical diseases. 846 89

Control of the vector is usually a crucial factor in control programs for tropical diseases spread by insect vectors. Successful control programs aim at vulnerable points in the interactions between the vector, the reservoir host, the pathogen, the human host, and the environment. The objective is to prevent potential transmission, or interrupt actual transmission, by reducing the abundance, longevity, or host contact of the vector--whichever is most appropriate to the particular pathogen or disease and the local situation. The importance of individual assessment in the light of local conditions and a knowledge of the biology of the local vector is stressed. The vector-borne diseases discussed here are malaria, filariasis, arbovirus diseases, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, plague and rickettsiosis.
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PMID:Vector-borne diseases and their control. 848 88

Australian research workers have made important contributions to tropical medicine and tropical public health. Recognised high points of international significance (for example, Joseph Bancroft and filariasis, 1876; Thomas Bancroft and dengue fever, 1906; Burnet and Australian X disease, 1934; Derrick and Q fever, 1937; and Fairley and malaria, 1947) must be seen in the context of much detailed work of national relevance by institutions and individuals. The directions of Australian research can be related to several major themes: the large extent of Australia that is tropical or subtropical; interactions with neighbouring countries, especially Papua New Guinea; and concern for the health of Australian Aborigines.
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PMID:Australia's contribution to tropical health: past and present. 848 21

Blood smears collected from fever cases for detection of malaria parasites during daytime showed concomitant infections of Wuchereria bancrofti from 1989 to 1991 in Bisra PHC of district Sundargarh, Orissa. Of the total 51,448 blood smears examined, 18,444 (35.84%) were positive for malaria parasites which comprised 3401 (18.44%) Plasmodium vivax, 14,524 (78.75%) P. falciparum, 156 (0.84%) P. malariae and 363 (1.97%) mixed plasmodial infections. Only 240 (0.46%) cases were positive for W. bancrofti, of which 160 (66.67%) were frank microfilariae (mf) cases, while 80 (33.33%) showed concomitant infections with malaria parasites. Filariasis was less prevalent in lower age-groups. Malaria incidence in people below thirty years was higher compared to older people, on the contrary, mf incidence was more in people above 15 yrs or more age. Microfilariae density was within 1-7 parasites per 10 microliters blood. About 90% mf cases were within the range of 1-4 per 10 microliters blood. Mean malaria parasitaemia in concomitant infection cases was 9574 per microliters blood (median 5955; range 35 to 49,500). Presence of diurnal microfilaraemia needs further investigation.
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PMID:Naturally acquired concomitant infections of bancroftian filariasis and human plasmodia in Orissa. 854 37


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