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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A survey of parasites of the Purari people of the Gulf Province of Papua New Guinea is reported. Hookworm was the commonest helminth encountered, whereas ascaris and trichuris were less frequently noted. Strongyloides (species unidentified) were detected in the inland Wabo area. In the latter area, a small survey revealed that filariasis and malaria were prevalent. Improvement in the standards of health of the Purari people should be an integral part of any plans to develop this region.
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PMID:The parasites of the Purari people of Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea. 693 25

Diseases contracted in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and observed in Western Australia (WA) have comprised malaria, amoebiasis, ancylostomiasis, filariasis and leprosy. This small series of cases demonstrates the prolongation of incubation periods of malaria following chemoprophylaxis, the spread of chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum (both to Western and Eastern regions of PNG), the ineffectiveness of chloroquine against Entamoeba histolytica in the intestine and the value of oral penicillin as a prophylactic for filarial lymphangitis.
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PMID:Tropical infections contracted in Papua New Guinea and imported into Western Australia. 695 Jun 4

In this review article, some recent developments in the immunology of parasitic infections are presented. After an introduction in which the major human parasitic infectious diseases, including malaria, african and american trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, filariasis an schistosomiasis are mentioned, a description of the host/parasite relationship in malaria presented. The possibility for the development of vaccins against malaria are described. The close relation between the immunological responses and the inflammatory reactions present both in Schistosoma mansoni and Trichinella spiralis infections is stressed. Particularly the recently recognized direct anti-parasitic activity of eosinophils was emphasized. Next, ways of escape of parasites from the host defence were described, with special emphasis on the immunomodulating properties of parasitic infections. Finally, the development and improvement of new immunodiagnostic methods, including the detection of circulating antigens were discussed.
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PMID:Immunological aspects of some parasitic infections. 699 58

Anopheles donaldi Reid, a member of the A. barbirostris species group, is a vector of human filariasis and probably malaria. The discovery of some old specimens of this species, collected in Kuala Lumpur town where it no longer occurs, together with evidence from the literature about past malaria in the town, suggest that donaldi may have played a part in transmitting that malaria.
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PMID:Was Anopheles donaldi a vector of malaria in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in the past? 700 88

Concurrently with the development of the general health services infrastructure in India, serveral special health programs were instituted at the national level to provide a massive and concentrated assault on the major public health problems of malaria, smallpox, cholera, trachoma, tuberculosis, leprosy, filariasis, and the rapid population growth. These vertical programs were expected to reduce the heavy morbidity and mortality within the shortest possible time to where they were no longer major public health problems. The impact was variable. Major steps toward providing integrated health care were taken during the first 5-year plan. Emphasis was on the provision of a packet of inttegrated health, family planning, and nutrition services to the vulnerable groups, i.e., children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers. To rectify past shortcomings ssuch as the failures of the national health programs, ineffective coordination in the nutrition programs, and slow rate of development as a result of interdependence of different sectors, it was necessary to improve the health infrastructure and to launch a frontal attack on poverty. The Multipurpose Health Workers Scheme was planned to rationalize the organization and use of available manpower to reduce the area and population covered by each of the field staff in order to reduce travel time and to make services more effective and more satisfactory. Each multipurpose health worker was entrusted with the task of providing comprehensive health care to about 5000 people. Communicable diseases were the main public health problems, and many specific control/eradication programs were launched. the immunization programs against common childhood diseases have not taken deep roots and coverage continues to be poor. The adoption of the Western model of medical services has resulted in emphasis on "cure" rather than on "care". Another problem is maldistribution of the facilities. Overemphasis on medical education has resulted in the relative neglect of development of health manpower for nursing, environmental engineering, and other technical and paramedical personnel. Community involvement and participation were at a minimum if they existed at all. The basic concern about primary health care for all continued unabated however. To realize the goal of health care for all, 3 programs will have to be pursued simultaneously during the next 2 decades: integrated overall development including family planning; improvement in nutrition, environment, and health education; and the provision of adequate health care services for all, particularly the poor and underprivileged. It is necessary to redefine the roles of the central and state governments in view of the large power powers delegated to local bodies at the district level and below. Voluntary agencies will have to function within the overall plan/aid down by the state.
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PMID:Primary health care in India. 704 59

A survey of blood and intestinal parasites in a coastal and a mountainous area of the remote island of Alor, southeastern Indonesia revealed widespread infection with pathogenic intestinal protozoa and helminths, malaria and filaria. Amoebiasis (31.2%), ascariasis (35.3%) and hookworm infections (28.6%) were common, reflecting primitive sanitation and hygiene. Trichuriasis rates (6.8%) were less than expected perhaps due to the prolonged dry season and soil factors in the area. Timor filariasis was found in coastal villagers (10.5%), but not in persons living at an elevation of 500 meters; a low rate of bancroftian filariasis (1.8%) was found in both areas. Malaria, caused by P. vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae was mesoendemic. Soil-transmitted and vector-borne parasitic infections are an important health problem in the populations examined.
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PMID:Intestinal and blood parasites of man on Alor Island Southeast Indonesia. 740 53

The mode of inheritance of susceptibility or refractoriness of insect vectors to medically important pathogens such as those causing malaria or filariasis is usually believed to follow normal Mendelian laws and to involve a single pair of alleles. In this report, experiments are described that demonstrate another mode of inheritance of mosquito susceptibility to filarial parasites. Crosses were made between susceptibile and refractory species of the Aedes Scutellaris complex, and the hybrid and backcross progeny were tested for susceptibility to infection by Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi. The data indicate that inheritance follows a non-Mendelian pattern indicative of extrachromosomal factors inherited through the maternal parent.
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PMID:Non-Mendelian inheritance of mosquito susceptibility to infection with Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi. 746 1

The prevention of epilepsy in tropical Africa is highly desirable because of the morbidity, mortality and social ostracisation that is associated with the disease. Such prevention depends on the identification of the aetiologies of epilepsy endemic to the region. There is a need for prospective epidemiological research to elucidate further the role of filariasis, cysticercosis, cerebral malaria and trypanosomiasis in the aetiology of epilepsy in tropical Africa.
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PMID:The aetiologies of epilepsy in tropical Africa. 748 1

To determine the serologic cross-reactivity between human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and parasite antigens, we measured antibody responses against HTLV-I, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Brugia malayi in serum specimens obtained from regions where malaria (n = 482) and filariasis (n = 101) are endemic. Analysis of immune reactivity to HTLV-I antigens showed that specimens from regions where malaria is endemic had significantly higher rates of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) reactivity (76 of 482 [15.8%] than those from regions where filariasis is endemic (0 of 101 [0%]). Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of the HTLV-I EIA-reactive specimens demonstrated predominant Gag reactivity (HTLV-Iind). Only two specimens each from Indonesia and Brazil and four specimens from Papua New Guinea had Env reactivity by radioimmunoprecipitation analysis. Furthermore, a positive correlation between HTLV-EIA and titers of antibody to the blood stage of P. falciparum (rs = 0.24, P < 0.005) was discerned; no correlation was observed between antibodies to the blood stage or the circumsporozoite protein of P. vivax and the circumsporozoite protein of P. falciparum. In addition, P. falciparum-infected erythrocyte lysate specifically abrogated binding of Gag-specific antibodies in HTLV-Iind specimens from regions where malaria is endemic without affecting binding in HTLV-I-seropositive specimens, suggesting that the immunologic cross-reactivity between HTLV Gag proteins and malaria parasites is restricted to the blood-stage antigens of plasmodia in specimens from regions where malaria is endemic. However, HTLV-seroindeterminate specimens from the United States did not demonstrate serologic cross-reactivity, suggesting that antigenic mimicry of HTLV proteins extends to other nonplasmodial antigens as well.
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PMID:Immunologic cross-reactivity between structural proteins of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and the blood stage of Plasmodium falciparum. 749 21

The development of vaccines for the prevention of filarial nematode infections is in a state of relative infancy in comparison to vaccines for other parasitic diseases, such as schistosomiasis and malaria. There are many reasons for this slow start. Some of the principal problems are: (1) the lengthy and complex life cycle of these organisms with attendant complex immune responses, (2) the unique characteristics associated with a relatively large number of different pathogens, (3) the lack of suitable model systems for study of medically important infections, (4) the paucity of parasite material for antigen discovery and recombinant library construction, (5) the lack of substantial evidence suggesting the natural occurrence of protective immune responses, and (6) the limited data on mechanisms responsible for protective immunity. As technical hurdles are considered, it is also critical to focus on the characteristics of a vaccine necessary for its eventual utility. In the case of a vaccine for D. immitis a completely successful product will need to approach a 99+% efficacy. This is because of the 99+% efficacy of competitive chemotherapeutic products and the fact that microfilaremia observed on blood examination, resulting from as few as two worms, would present as a vaccine failure. Although very low worm burdens in large dogs could be perceived as success in the context of protection from clinical disease, because of the option of virtually complete chemoprophylactic protection, the typical veterinary practitioner would probably fail to appreciate less than complete vaccine protection. In contrast, a vaccine that produced a reduction in adult worm burdens without complete protection in either lymphatic filariasis or onchocerciasis would be very important. Highly effective chemoprophylactic agents are not widely available for prevention of the human filariases, and dramatically reduced clinical disease provided by less than a completely effective vaccine could occur as the result of fewer adult worms. The importance of developing these vaccines has outweighed the obstacles to this research. There has been a great deal of epidemiological and experimental evidence to suggest a vaccine is feasible and antigen discovery has progressed relatively rapidly within just the past few years. Efforts to generate appropriate larval cDNA libraries are beginning to yield dividends and a variety of fascinating vaccine candidates have been cloned. Additional antigen discovery, research on appropriate modalities for overexpression of genes from these parasites, and the complex tasks associated with vaccinology remain as significant research and development obstacles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Vaccine research and development for the prevention of filarial nematode infections. 755 Dec 46


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