Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Classification, management and prevention of seizures in children are summarized for clinicians in Papua New Guinea. Seizures are classified as febrile with or without underlying brain pathology, and afebrile, including neonatal fits, infantile spasms, myoclonic jerks, akinetic seizures, tonic clonic fits, petit mal, benign focal, and psychomotor seizures. In all cases the first step is to secure the airway, then do a fingerstick and treat hypoglycemia, and finally stop the fit if it is prolonged with paraldehyde, diazepam, phenobarbitone or phenytoin. A cause for the seizure should be sought: physical exam, especially tympanic membranes and throat, blood slide for malaria, lumbar puncture for signs of meningitis, blood culture, serum calcium, and other chemistries. Some empirical treatments to use for negative findings include: dextrose, calcium gluconate, magnesium SO4, pyridoxine, quinine and Fansidar. Hyperthermia in a febrile child can be reversed with cool sponging. The author recommends prescribing phenobarbitone to prevent subsequent simple febrile seizures if the child has 3 or more, then slowly withdrawing the drug if the child is seizure free for a year. Drug therapy for the various other types of seizures available in Papua New Guinea include sodium valproate by special order, and phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, nitrazepam, ethosuximide, and prednisolone. A table is provided to help select the drug for each seizure type, e.g. ethosuximide for petit mal, prednisolone for infantile spasms, and carbamazepine for various types of focal and psychomotor seizures.
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PMID:Convulsions in children. 150 14

The present study classified epilepsies in Nigerians and compared them with the profile of epilepsies as found in other countries: India, France, and Denmark. Partial epilepsy formed the largest group (76.6%) in this study and in that in India (80%), but these incidences were higher than that found in France (62%), owing to a higher frequency of birth injury, CNS infections, and childhood febrile convulsions in developing countries. In contrast to our study and that in France, where partial epilepsy with complex symptomatology formed the largest subgroup, partial epilepsy with elementary symptomatology formed the largest subgroup in India. The reason for this is not totally clear, though etiological factors and criteria for categorization are contributory. The incidence of partial epilepsy was lower in children than in adults owing to a relatively lower incidence of partial epilepsy with elementary symptomatology in children in the present series and a lower incidence of complex symptomatology in children in France and Denmark. Nigerian children seem more vulnerable to complex symptomatology owing to a high incidence of febrile illness (e.g., from malaria) and febrile convulsions. The incidence of generalized epilepsies in children was higher than in adults. Grand mal formed the largest subgroup of generalized epilepsies in children in this series and in Denmark, whereas petit mal formed the largest subgroup in France and India. Petit mal was relatively rare in children in our series (2.5%) compared with children in the French study (17.5%). Secondary generalized epilepsy was peculiar to children in all the series.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Classification of the epilepsies: an investigation of 945 patients in a developing country. 392 51