Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The article focuses on the Indian initiative of making kits for diagnosis of various infectious and non-infectious diseases as well as reproductive hormones and hormones in various other endocrine disorders. Indigenous diagnostic kits for the detection of various infections such as filariasis, typhoid, amebiasis, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis, HIV, dengue, leishmaniasis, malaria, rabies, toxoplasmosis, rotavirus, and group A streptococci have been developed. Agreements to transfer the know-how of some of these leads to industries have been signed. The know-how of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of hepatitis C has been successfully transferred to industry and is being commercially produced. For detection of HIV-1 and HIV-2, indigenous diagnostic kits based on three different formats, namely ELISA, Western blot and rapid test have been developed and are being commercially produced by Indian industries. The factors influencing the successful transfer of laboratory-scale diagnostic assays from academia to industry and their commercial exploitation have been discussed. Indian scientists have made seminal contributions in exploring the possibility to develop an effective and safe contraceptive vaccine to control the increasing human population of India. Achieving contraception by means of vaccine is a novel approach, which entails generation of a specific antibody response against antigens critically involved in the process of mammalian reproduction. In India, three major programs on contraceptive vaccines based on the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin ((beta)hCG) for women, ovine follicle stimulating hormone (oFSH) for men, and riboflavin carrier protein for both males and females have been initiated. The work at the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi on contraceptive vaccine for women, based on (beta)hCG, has demonstrated, for the first time, that it is feasible to regulate fertility by such an approach. Basic research being carried out to achieve immunocontraception by interfering at sperm-oocyte interaction level has been briefly discussed. These developments are still at the research stage. In addition to advances in the area of contraceptive vaccines, a non-steroidal contraceptive oral pill has been developed by Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, commercially produced by two Indian pharmaceutical companies and has been incorporated in the National Family Welfare Program. Another interesting approach for fertility regulation in male has been developed in India, which involves vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) and is currently undergoing clinical trials in human subjects.
 ...
PMID:Status of immunodiagnosis and immunocontraceptive vaccines in India. 1293 96

Mosquito breeding within the wastewater irrigation system around the town of Haroonabad in the southern Punjab, Pakistan, was studied from July to September 2000 as part of a wider study of the costs and benefits of wastewater use in agriculture. The objective of this study was to assess the vector-borne human disease risks associated with mosquito species utilizing wastewater for breeding. Mosquito larvae were collected on a fortnightly basis from components of the wastewater disposal system and irrigated sites. In total, 133 samples were collected, about equally divided between agricultural sites and the wastewater disposal system. Overall, 17.3% of the samples were positive for Anopheles, 12.0% for Culex and 15.0% for Aedes. Four anopheline species, viz, Anopheles stephensi (84.3% of total anophelines), An. subpictus (11.8%), An. culicifacies (2.0%) and An. pulcherrimus (0.2%) were present, as were two species of Culex, viz, Cx. quinquefasciatus (66.5% of culicines) and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (20.1%). Aedes were not identified to species level. The occurrence of different species was linked to particular habitats and habitat characteristics such as physical water condition, chemical water quality and the presence of fauna and flora. Anophelines and Aedes mosquitos were mainly collected during the month of July, while Culex were collected in September. The prevalence of established vectors of human diseases such as An. stephensi (malaria), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (West Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (Bancroftian filariasis, West Nile fever) in the wastewater system indicated that such habitats could contribute to vector-borne disease risks for human communities that are dependent upon wastewater use for their livelihoods. Wastewater disposal and irrigation systems provide a perennial source of water for vector mosquitos in semi-arid countries like Pakistan. Vector mosquitos exploit these sites if alternative breeding sites with better biological, physical, and chemical conditions are not abundant.
 ...
PMID:Role of wastewater irrigation in mosquito breeding in south Punjab, Pakistan. 1297 17

Strategies to eradicate the vector-borne infectious diseases (e.g. malaria and Japanese encephalitis) are often directed at controlling vectors with insecticides. Spraying insecticide, however, opens the way for the development of insecticide resistance in vectors, which may lead to the failure of disease control. In this paper, we examine whether the combined use of insecticide spray and zooprophylaxis can limit the development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Zooprophylaxis refers to the control of vector-borne diseases by attracting vectors to domestic animals in which the pathogen cannot amplify (a dead-end host). The human malaria parasite Plasmodium spp. has a closed transmission cycle between humans and mosquitoes, and hence cattle can serve as a dead-end host. Our model reveals that, by a suitable choice of insecticide spraying rate and cattle density and location, malaria can, in some situations, be controlled without mosquitoes developing insecticide resistance.
 ...
PMID:Combining zooprophylaxis and insecticide spraying: a malaria-control strategy limiting the development of insecticide resistance in vector mosquitoes. 1505 42

Travel Medicine is a rapidly evolving field of medicine that is becoming ever more important in this era of globalization. Traditionally, medical preparation for individuals traveling to countries outside the United States has focused on traveler's diarrhea prevention and treatment, malaria prevention, and travel vaccination. Now, other concerns such as travel safety must also be considered. New developments in the area of travel medicine include the use of azithromycin instead of quinolones for diarrhea acquired in Southeast Asia. Azithromycin may also be the best option for children and patients who cannot take quinolones regardless of destination. In addition, rifaximin, a non-absorbable antibiotic, has recently been marketed for traveler's diarrhea. The best malaria prophylaxis options currently include atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) in addition to chloroquine, mefloquine, and doxycycline. Hepatitis A is the most important travel vaccine, and a new combined hepatitis A and B vaccine (Twinrix) is useful for travelers needing protection against both types of hepatitis. A vaccine for typhoid is now available in either oral or injectable versions. Other important vaccines to consider when traveling internationally are those for Japanese encephalitis, influenza, meningitis, rabies, varicella and yellow fever vaccines. These may be warranted depending on duration of travel and destination risk.
 ...
PMID:Travel medicine 2005. 1577 61

Field surveys of mosquitoes were carried out on Green, Orchid, and Penghu Islands in 2003 to ascertain the status of mosquito vectors. Eighteen species of mosquitoes were collected, including three species of Anopheles, four species of Aedes, eight species of Culex, two species of Armigeres, and one species of Malaya. Seventeen previously recorded species were not collected in this study but 11 species collected had not previously been recorded. Ten newly recorded species, An. maculatus, An. takasagoensis, Ae. alcasidi, Ae. lineatopennis, Ae. vexans vexans, Ar. omissus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. halifaxii, Cx. hayashii, and Cx. neomimulus, were collected on Green Island and one previously unrecorded species, Ar. subalbatus, was collected on Orchid Island. Potential vectors An. maculatus and An. sinensis, malaria vectors in Korea and Mainland China, Ae. albopictus, a vector of dengue in Taiwan and West Nile virus in the USA, Cx. vishnui and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Japanese encephalitis vectors in Taiwan, Ae. vexans vexans, an eastern equine encephalitis vector in the USA, and Cx. quinquefasciatus, a vector of filariasis in Taiwan and West Nile virus in the USA, were among the mosquito species collected.
 ...
PMID:Mosquito surveys carried out on Green Island, Orchid Island, and Penghu Island, Taiwan, in 2003. 1582 89

Entomological studies conducted during monsoon and post-monsoon season in Manipur State revealed the presence of fifty-five species of mosquitoes under ten genera. Out of the seventeen Anopheles species recorded, Anopheles aconitus, An. dirus and An. nivipes were recorded for the first time from the state. The present study has confirmed the existence of An. dirus, the major malaria vector in the Northeast from a selected area of the state. Among Culicines, four species viz., Aedes nigrostriatus, Malaya genurostris, Aediomyia catasticta and Toxorhynchites splendens which were not reported earlier from this state have been recorded in the present study. With the addition of these seven species of mosquitoes to the earlier record of mosquitoes so far reported from Manipur, the mosquito fauna swells up to one hundred and eleven including the major vectors of malaria of the Northeast and the potential vectors of Japanese encephalitis and dengue virus transmission in India.
 ...
PMID:Biodiversity of mosquitoes in Manipur State and their medical significance. 1633 93

This report describes the epidemiology of mosquito-borne disease in Australia for the mosquito-borne disease season 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2005. Ross River virus (RRV) infections (45%), Barmah Forest virus (BFV) infections (30%) and malaria (19%) were the most common mosquito-borne diseases reported in 2004-05. The Northern Territory had the highest rate of RRV notifications and the peak notification rate (in February 2005) was 54 per cent less than the previous season. The Northern Territory also reported the highest BFV notification rate this season, peaking in April 2005, which was the second highest reported BFV notification rate since 1998. National RRV and BFV notification rates were highest in the 45-49 year age group. There were 799 notifications of malaria in 2004-05 of which none were reported as locally acquired. This was the third highest reporting season for malaria notifications since 1998. In contrast to previous years in which Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species, Plasmodium falciparum was reported as the infecting species in 57 per cent of the malaria notifications and Plasmodium vivax for 34 per cent of cases. Children in the 5-9 year age group had the highest number of cases compared to previous years in which the peak number of cases tended to be in young adult age groups. There were four cases of Kunjin virus (KUNV) and two cases of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) reported in 2004-05. Sentinel chicken surveillance data for flaviviruses and sentinel pig surveillance data for Japanese encephalitis virus are reported. There were 188 notifications of dengue virus infection (DENV) in 2004-05, of which 46 per cent (n=86) were reported as having been acquired overseas. Dengue serotype 4 was the most frequently reported type, accounting for 32 per cent of cases (n=60).
 ...
PMID:Communicable Diseases Network Australia: National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee annual report 2004-05. 1646 23

The present global climatic changes, regardless of their causes and duration, are of paramount importance from the ecological perspective. The influence of these changes on Russian population health attracts the attention of experts. The most important changes have already taken place in the high and middle latitudes, occupied by Russia. The article covers a probable impact of global changes on the distribution of bloodsucking arthropods as the vectors of inoculable disease agents, their abundance and vector capacity, and the role of migratory birds in their spreading. For Russia, the most important is to forecast the condition of the population of gnats, malaria vectors in particular, as well as ticks, the latter group being the vectors of tickborne infections ranging from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Analysis of the changes in mean annual temperatures during the past century by the example of Minsk, an East European city, demonstrates its nearly 1.5-fold increase. Minsk in Belarus, as well as many big cities in Russia, such as St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg etc., present the so called "warm islands". Global increase in temperatures, winter ones first of all, especially in megapolises, leads to outbreaks of inoculable diseases transmitted by bloodsucking vectors in urbanized territories, with a noticeable north shift of their natural ranges. Recent epidemics of West Nile fever in New York City, USA, as well as in Krasnodar and Volgograd, Russia, can serve as examples. Increased mean summer temperatures, as well as prolonged warm and humid periods, facilitate malaria transmissions. The periods of possible successful transmission of tick-borne infections is prolonged likewise, with a north-west shift of their ranges. Thus, Japanese encephalitis outbreaks are expected in Russian Primorye and in the south of Sakhalin Island. Among known and still revealed tick-borne diseases, an increased role is going to be played by mixed viral as well as bacterial infections.
 ...
PMID:[The effects of global climatic changes on bloodsucking ectoparasites and pathogens they transmit]. 1673 39

Certain arthropod-borne infections are common in tropical regions because of favorable climatic conditions. Water-borne infections like leptospirosis are common due to contamination of water especially during the monsoon floods. Infections like malaria, leptospirosis, dengue fever and typhus sometimes cause life threatening organ dysfunction and have several overlapping features. Most patients present with classicial clinical syndromes: fever and thrombocytopenia are common in dengue, malaria and leptospirosis; coagulopathy is frequent in leptospirosis and viral hepatitis. Hepatorenal syndrome is seen in leptospirosis, falciparum malaria and scrub typhus. The pulmonary renal syndrome is caused by falciparium malaria, leptospirosis, Hantavirus infection and scrub typhus. Fever with altered mental status is produced by bacterial meningitis, Japanese B encephalitis, cerebral malarial, typhoid encephalopathy and fulminant hepatic failure due to viral hepatitis. Subtle differences in features of the organ failure exist among these infections. The diagnosis in some of these diseases is made by demonstration of antibodies in serum, and these may be negative in the first week of the illness. Hence empiric therapy for more than one disorder may be justified in a small proportion of cases. In addition to specific anti-infective therapy, management of organ dysfunction includes use of mechanical ventilation, vasopressor drugs, continuous renal replacement therapy and blood products. Timely transfer of these patients to well-equipped ICUs with experience in managing these cases can considerably decrease mortality and morbidity.
 ...
PMID:Tropical infections in the ICU. 1694 13

Because of their special behaviour, physiology and close relationship with humans, mosquitoes act as one of the most important vectors of human diseases, such as filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue and malaria. The major vector mosquitoes are members of the Culex, Aedes and Anopheles genera. Insecticides play important roles in agricultural production and public health, especially in a country with a huge human population, like China. Large quantities of four classes of insecticides, organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids, are applied annually to fields or indoors in China, directly or indirectly bringing heavy selection pressure on vector populations. The seven major species of vector mosquito in China are the Culex pipiens L. complex, C. tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Anopheles sinensis Wied., A. minimus Theobald, A. anthropophagus Xu & Feng, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Ae. aegypti L., and all have evolved resistance to all the above types of insecticide except the carbamates. The degree of resistance varies among mosquito species, insecticide classes and regions. This review summarizes the resistance status of these important vector mosquitoes, according to data reported since the 1990s, in order to improve resistance management and epidemic disease control, and to communicate this information from China to the wider community.
 ...
PMID:Insecticide resistance in vector mosquitoes in China. 1695 91


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>