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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The various problems of the overland traveller are discussed, as are the necessary immunization procedures, the seriousness of falciparum malaria and the various bowel disorders. The necessity for treating minor injuries and abrasions is stressed. Psychological problems, veneral disease and the problem of drug abuse are mentioned.
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PMID:Medical problems of the overland route from India or South Africa to Europe. 60 54

We examined the malaria situation among 489 children under 5 years of age in the rural villages of Aboh Mbaise, Nigeria, using a combination of a standard questionnaire technique and laboratory diagnosis to confirm clinical observations. The results show a high prevalence rate of 52.8% for Plasmodium falciparum in this area. The geometric mean parasite density (GMPD) was 19,361.4/mm3. The proportion of children with fever and/or parasitaemia was not related to age, although the numbers in the febrile group appeared to increase with age. Using 37.5 degrees C as the threshold for fever, 48.7% of the heavily infected group (more than 1000/mm3) were afebrile while 51.3% were febrile. High grade temperatures above 38 degrees C were associated with high parasitaemia above 10,000 parasites/mm3. Of the 911 children who died in the area within the last five years, 22.4% died of fever of unknown origin, 39.7% from malaria, 22.5% from convulsion, 10.5% from diarrhoea and 4.6% from cough. Chloroquine is the drug of choice for the treatment of malaria and there were many cases of drug abuse, and use of sub-curative doses prescribed by non-medically qualified staff.
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PMID:Malaria and its treatment in rural villages of Aboh Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria. 198 Aug

We studied the antimalarial drugs utilisation pattern in urban Calabar, with a view to determining what drugs people take when they have malaria attack and who diagnoses and prescribes the drugs. We used a standard questionnaire data sheet to record the results of the interview carried out by the authors. Malaria symptoms and the drugs consumed were diagnosed and prescribed respectively by self (54pc), qualified medical doctor (32pc) and others including paramedical staff (2pc). The rest (12pc) took traditional remedies. The antimalarial drugs (chloroquine, fansidar, camouqin) were chosen because of their efficacy/popularity (21pc), cheapness (43pc) and availability (34pc). Among those interviewed, only 21.2pc took the adequate curative dose of 25 mg/kg chloroquine for 3 days according to WHO recommendations. Majority of the consumers took their drugs orally, but some (17pc) had chloroquine injections, administered, in some cases, by ill-qualified patient medicine dealer. The results show that there is an association between the level of education and the pattern of remedy sought by the respondents (p less than 0.05). Self-medication was practised significantly more by those with formal education than by those without (p less than 0.05). The trend of consulting patent medicine dealers for prescription decreased with acquisition of more formal education. Conversely, significantly more of the respondents with higher education consulted qualified medical doctors or paramedical staff (P less than 0.05). Two aspects of drug abuse observed here, i.e. the utilisation of sub-curative doses of chloroquine and monotherapy are believed to be two of the factors that lead to the several chloroquine treatment failures which have been recently reported in Calabar, and other areas of Nigeria.
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PMID:Problems of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum in Nigeria: one antimalaria drugs' utilisation in metropolitan Calabar. 206 3

The Philippines is an archipelago with a growing population, largely rural, 50% of which is in the 0-14 years old age group. As noted by WHO (1978), the leading health problems are communicable diseases, malnutrition, poor environmental sanitation, malaria and schistosomiasis, rapid population growth, drug abuse and dependence. Health care delivery is hampered by insufficient number and maldistribution of personnel, health clinics and hospitals. The predominant attitude of curative rather than preventive approach to health problems shared by consumers and care givers alike, passive and meager participation if at all on the part of recipients also contribute to deficient health care delivery. Child-to-Child health programmes would be most useful in depressed areas of the country, especially in the rural setting and should be widely implemented if feasible. Data concerning the community involved will include resources, strengths and weaknesses, and degree of commitment from its members. We hope to have in the Philippines more experience in Child-to-Child programmes-health care delivery in the future.
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PMID:Child-to-Child programme in the Philippine setting. 716 58

Neurologic manifestations of severe infectious complications of drug abuse and chronic alcoholism are reviewed in this article. Portals of entry from cutaneous postinjection infections and multiple vascular injection sites may lead to pyomyositis, tetanus, infective endocarditis, meningitis, brain abscesses, and vertebral osteomyelitis. Chronic intranasal abuse of cocaine may be followed by frontal osteomyelitis, botulism, brain abscess, and visual loss. Problems of hepatitis, malaria, and syphilis in drug abusers are discussed also.
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PMID:Infections other than AIDS. 837 45

Serologic markers of HCV and HEV were investigated in 74 French soldiers with non-A, non-B hepatitis and in 18 patients involved in an outbreak of non-A,non-B hepatitis in Algeria. Moreover, anti-HCV antibodies were detected in 13 patients with non-A,non-B hepatitis of parenteral origin. HEV antibodies were investigated in 61-65% of patients involved in the 2 enterically transmitted outbreaks of non-A,non-B hepatitis observed in Algeria and Chad. The third cluster of non-A,non-B hepatitis observed in French soldiers serving in French Guyana is more likely to be attributed to malaria prophylactic treatment with Amodiaquine than to a viral origin. HCV infection was observed in 93% of acute or chronic cases associated with blood transfusion or parenteral drug abuse. Among acute cases, none of the soldiers who contracted the disease in Africa or in French Guyana was found to be anti-HCV positive compared to 78% of those who contracted the disease in France. HCV infections resulted in chronic hepatitis in 61% of cases.
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PMID:Hepatitis E and hepatitis C virus infections among French soldiers with non-A, non-B hepatitis. 838 72

This study reviewed the literature on the history of needle sharing and intravenous drug abuse. Reports suggest that needle sharing was practiced by drug abusers as early as 1902 in China and 1914 in the United States. Intravenous drug abuse was first mentioned in the literature in 1925. However other references suggest that some opioid users were injecting intravenously prior to 1920. Outbreaks of malaria in Egypt, the United States, and China between 1929 and 1937 were attributed to needle sharing and intravenous injection of opioids. These reports suggest that both needle sharing and intravenous drug use were common by 1937. Factors such as medical use of intravenous injections, enactment and zealous enforcement of antinarcotic laws, and interactions among drug users in institutional settings such as regional hospitals and prisons may have contributed to the spread of both needle sharing and the intravenous technique among drug abusers.
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PMID:The intravenous injection of illicit drugs and needle sharing: an historical perspective. 925 Sep 47

On July and August 1997, two 15-year-old mates of a football team of Tongjin Middle School in northern Kyonggi-do, Korea were consecutively diagnosed as vivax malaria by peripheral blood smear. They had no histories of travelling abroad or drug abuse. They witnessed that other mates in the team were ill of fever in the same period. A small survey was therefore undertaken to determine whether vivax malaria was outbroken locally. A total of 57 students of the team living together in a dormitory was examined for history of fever, presence of splenomegaly, blood smear and anti-P. vivax antibody test by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Except for the above two patients, only one case revealed a marginal titer of IFAT. No other positive findings of vivax malaria were found. In the results of this local survey, no more cases of vivax malaria were revealed except the two sporadic cases.
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PMID:A small epidemiological survey for vivax malaria in Kimpo-gun, Kyonggi-do, Korea undertaken after detecting two consecutive cases. 944 12

The major burden of preterm birth is in the developing world, where most of the increasing death and morbidity is secondary to infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, bacterial vaginosis and intestinal parasites. In some developing countries, the growth of medical care has outstripped the growth of preventive public health, with an associated increase in iatrogenic preterm births. In developed countries, more than one-third of preterm births are medically indicated because of conditions such as fulminating pre-eclampsia or severe intrauterine growth restriction. Neither of these conditions is currently preventable. One in five preterm births is associated with multiple pregnancy, and these have been greatly increased by assisted reproduction techniques. The use of tocolytics has proved disappointing perhaps because inflammation rather than spontaneous uterine activity is increasingly recognised as the final common pathway. Inappropriate antibiotics used late in pregnancy are ineffective and may have adverse effects. Currently, the most promising interventions are public health related and include reducing the transmission of communicable diseases, improvements in the management of diabetes and reduction in harmful behaviours such as smoking and drug abuse.
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PMID:The epidemiology of preterm labour--why have advances not equated to reduced incidence? 1720 58

Illicit drug control has been on the global agenda for more than a century. Infections have long been recognized as one of the most serious complications of drug abuse. Drug users are susceptible to pulmonary, endovascular, skin and soft tissue, bone and joint, and sexually transmitted infections caused by a wide range of bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal pathogens. In addition, injection drug users are at increased risk for parenterally acquired infections such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, tetanus and malaria. Factors related to drug use, such as unsterile injection practices, contaminated drug paraphernalia and drug adulterants, increase the exposure to microbial pathogens. Illicit drugs also affect several components of the complex immune system and thus modulate host immunity. In addition, lifestyle practices such as multiple sexual partners, overcrowded housing arrangements and malnutrition serve as co-factors in increasing the risk of infection. In this review we present an overview of the unique aspects of microbial pathogenesis, immune modulation and common infections associated with drug use. We have restricted the definition of drug abuse to the use of illegal drugs (such as opiates, marijuana, cocaine, heroin and amphetamines), not including alcohol and nicotine.
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PMID:Shooting up: the interface of microbial infections and drug abuse. 2138 34


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