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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Imported parasitic diseases have been increasingly important in basic and clinical medicine in developed countries, as the number of travellers in developing countries, where numerous kinds of parasitic diseases are highly endemic, have been increasing. Recent epidemiologic investigation demonstrated that malaria, amebiasis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis and cysticercosis seemed important as judged from the number of infected individuals, primarily Japanese travellers. Although these parasitic diseases pose some serious medical problems, establishment of the effective chemotherapeutic strategy is of urgent significance. In this respect, activities of the Research Group of Development of Chemotherapeutic Agents against Tropical Parasitic Diseases supported by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare appear to be important to keep appropriate drugs in Japan.
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PMID:[Imported parasitic diseases--recent epidemiology and progress in the chemotherapy]. 128 56

The dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) is a highly versatile solid-phase immunoassay for antibody or antigen detection. The assay uses minute amounts of reagent dotted onto solid surfaces such as nitrocellulose and other paper membranes which avidly bind proteins. After incubation with antigen-specific antibody and enzyme-conjugated anti-antibody, the addition of a precipitable, chromogenic substrate causes the formation of a colored dot on the solid phase which is visually read. The Dot-ELISA has been used extensively in the detection of human and veterinary protozoan and metazoan parasitic diseases, including amebiasis, babesiosis, fascioliasis, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, malaria, schistosomiasis, toxocariasis, toxoplasmosis, trichinosis, trypanosomiasis and even ixodid tick infestation. The technique is rapid, easy to perform and interpret, reagent conservative, cost effective and field portable. In addition, the Dot-ELISA may be configured to detect antibodies or parasite antigen in either microtiter plates for large-batch testing or with dipsticks for small numbers of determinations. A slight modification of the Dot-ELISA procedure allows the determination of infection rates of vectors such as ticks and sandflies with parasites.
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PMID:Recent applications of the Dot-ELISA in immunoparasitology. 305 66

Some of the activities in chemotherapeutic research and vaccine development which WHO has initiated, participated, coordinated or funded are reviewed. WHO has interests in research, particularly, although by means exclusively, in all the communicable diseases and in applied vaccinology. Examples are given from various fields including progress in human trials of anti-sporozoite vaccines in malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum, chemotherapeutic studies on artemisine and halofantrine, pragmatic and systemic approaches to vaccination in leishmaniasis, recent work on the chemotherapy of leishmanial infections, African leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease, the anticipated impact of ivermectin in onchocerciasis control, studies on new macro- and microfilaricides, progress in the diarrhoeal diseases control programme, and the control of taeniasis/cysticercosis, ascariasis and hookworm through different delivery systems using population-based chemotherapy.
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PMID:Drug and vaccine development. 312 54

After Canada, Mexico is the most popular destination for Americans traveling outside the United States. As a developing country, Mexico presents numerous health hazards to American visitors, including the prevalent travelers' diarrhea (turista), from which 40% will suffer, and the less common typhoid, dengue, rabies, malaria, taeniasis, cysticercosis, and trichinosis. Environmental hazards, including sun, heat, high altitude, motion sickness, and accidents, also threaten the unwary traveler. In the event of illness or injury, Americans may find medical facilities unfamiliar and less well equipped than those in the United States. Utilizing both an individualized risk assessment for each traveler and readily available references, physicians, in partnership with local public health agencies, can develop comprehensive preventive health plans for their patients traveling to Mexico.
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PMID:Health precautions for travelers to Mexico. 397 52

This review of the immunological diagnosis of parasitic diseases defines the various indications, the means of collection and preparation, the various levels of specificity and the choice of parasitic antigen which should be used for immuno-diagnosis. The detection and assay of circulating antibodies relies on the techniques of immuno-precipitation (immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, electrosyneresis), indirect agglutination (latex and haemagglutination) or the use of labelled compounds (immunofluorescence, enzymo-immunoassay, radio-immunoassay). Their respective advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The detection and assay of circulating antigens involve the use of agglutination techniques (mycoses), radio-immunoassay or enzymo-immunoassay (protozooses and helminthiases). The authors review the applications of immunological diagnosis for the helminthiases (Trichinosis, Toxocarosis, Filariasis, Anguillosis, Ascaridiasis, Echinococcosis, Taeniasis and Cysticercosis, Distomatosis and Schistosomiasis), the protozoan infections (malaria, Toxoplasmosis, Amebiasis, Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis) and the mycoses (Aspergillosis, Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis). They also discuss the prospects for the development of immunological diagnosis by identification, purification and standardization of parasitic antigens and the study of circulating antigens and idiotypic anti-parasitic antibodies. Finally, they outline the respective responsibilities of the biologist and the prescribing doctor for the proper use of immunological diagnosis of parasitic diseases.
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PMID:[Current methods of immunologic diagnosis in parasitology]. 636

Immunodiagnostic tests for human protozoan and helminthic infections are reviewed. The need for immunodiagnostic tests varies with each infection but is of paramount importance in those infections that cannot be parasitologically diagnosed readily such as toxoplasmosis, pneumocystosis, Chagas' disease, trichinosis, hydatidosis, cysticercosis, and visceral larva migrans. Immunoassays are also needed for those worldwide highly prevalent infections with severe morbidity to be used in seroepidemiology and in the follow-up evaluation of control programs. The most important are malaria, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and trypanosomiasis. Major advances have been made in the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as a practical and rapid test for use in endemic countries and in the identification and isolation of diagnostic parasite antigens aided in particular by the use of monoclonal antibodies. Development of immunodiagnostic tests for specific parasite antigens in body fluids for many infections is being actively pursued.
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PMID:Immunodiagnostic tests for protozoan and helminthic infections. 643 27

The prevention of epilepsy in tropical Africa is highly desirable because of the morbidity, mortality and social ostracisation that is associated with the disease. Such prevention depends on the identification of the aetiologies of epilepsy endemic to the region. There is a need for prospective epidemiological research to elucidate further the role of filariasis, cysticercosis, cerebral malaria and trypanosomiasis in the aetiology of epilepsy in tropical Africa.
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PMID:The aetiologies of epilepsy in tropical Africa. 748 1

A seroprevalence study of cysticercosis, Trypanosoma cruzi, and plasmodia species and screening for active malaria was conducted among a randomly selected group of 138 Hispanic and Haitian migrant farmworkers. A random sample of labor camps in eastern North Carolina was selected. Blood samples were tested by Indirect Fluorescent Antibody techniques for plasmodial antibody and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cysticerci and T. cruzi antibodies. Questionnaires collected demographic data and medical history of the workers and family. Blood films stained with Leukostat stain were examined for plasmodia species. The seroprevalence of cysticercosis was 10 percent, T. cruzi 2 percent, and plasmodia species 4.4 percent. One case of active malaria (Plasmodium vivax) was demonstrated. The clinical significance of seropositivity was not determined, but these results suggest that a small but significant number of farmworkers are infected with cysticercosis, T. cruzi, and malaria. Migrant health clinicians should be aware of the possible presence of these infections. Greater observance and enforcement of sanitation regulations in farmwork is needed to prevent transmission of cysticercosis.
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PMID:The seroprevalence of cysticercosis, malaria, and Trypanosoma cruzi among North Carolina migrant farmworkers. 826 58

This review presents short information on the present status and some future perspectives of vaccination against parasitoses of domestic animals. For the control of such parasitoses in some European countries only a few vaccines are registered: Paracox and Livacox (for coccidiosis in chickens), Toxovax (for toxoplasmosis in sheep), Pirodog (for babesiosis in dogs) and Dictol (for dictyocaulosis in cattle). These are live vaccines containing attenuated parasites, except Pirodog. As a world-wide innovation in 1994 a vaccine against ixodid tick infestation (Boophilus microplus) in cattle was marketed in Australia under the trade name TickGARD which contains a recombinant protein antigen. A recombinant vaccine against Taenia ovis cysticercosis in sheep was developed in Australia/New Zealand but has not yet been registered. The development of vaccines against further parasitoses of domestic animals is a fascinating and promising field. Present research activities are focussed on molecular antigen vaccines and vector vaccines. First reports (for example regarding leishmaniosis and malaria) indicate that nucleic acid vaccines represent a new potential of development.
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PMID:[Vaccines against parasitic diseases of domestic animals]. 901 13

A specific monoclonal antibody (AW-3C2) as revealed by ELISA was produced against the adult worm antigens of Parastrongylus cantonensis and used in a sandwich ELISA for the detection of circulating antigens in the sera of parastrongyliasis patients and those with other parasitic diseases. A total of 60 sera was used in this study. Of these, 10 each were from patients with parastrongyliasis, cysticercosis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, malaria and toxocariasis. The control group consisted of 53 serum samples from normal healthy Thais and Malaysians. The mean +/- optical density (OD) values for the normal Thai and Malaysian groups were 0.126 +/- 0.028 and 0.124 +/- 0.029, respectively. The mean OD values of the parastrongyliasis patient group differed significantly from that of the normal groups as well as those of other parasitic infections. Using a cut-off point of OD +/- 3SD of the control groups as indicating a positive reading, the specificity of the assay with this monoclonal antibody was 100% while the sensitivity was 50%.
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PMID:Detection of circulating antigens of Parastrongylus cantonensis in human sera by sandwich ELISA with specific monoclonal antibody. 913 82


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