Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a study of connective tissue and infectious disease sera, we have demonstrated IgM and IgG anti-cardiolipin activity, in a solid phase radioimmunoassay, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, syphilis and in acute malaria caused by four different species of Plasmodium. The highest values were noted in SLE (IgM anti-cardiolipin P less than 0.005, IgG anti-cardiolipin P less than 0.01), but there was no correlation with anti-dsDNA, rheumatoid factor or VDRL titres in any disease group. Anti-cardiolipin binding was significantly associated with the lupus anticoagulant, thrombocytopenia, spontaneous abortions and thromboses in the SLE patients. Ten SLE sera from this thrombotic subset and 10 syphilitic sera with similar anti-cardiolipin activity, were tested against four phospholipid antigens and showed significantly different anti-phosphatidyl ethanolamine/anti-phosphatidyl serine binding ratios (P less than 0.001). These differences in phospholipid epitope specificity could explain the specificity of the VDRL antigen in syphilis serology, and we discuss a putative role for anti-phosphatidyl serine in the thrombotic diathesis of SLE.
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PMID:Anti-phospholipid antibodies in syphilis and a thrombotic subset of SLE: distinct profiles of epitope specificity. 257 56

The Africa Child Survival Initiative-Combatting Childhood Communicable Diseases (ACSI-CCCD) Project is a primary health care activity that focuses on antenatal care, immunization, diarrhoeal disease control, and malaria control in children under 5 years of age. In order to gauge progress made in the project, a community-based health interview survey to measure simultaneously several prevention and treatment indicators was carried out in 1986 in Conakry, Guinea. A sample of 1415 caretakers and their 2048 children aged under 5 years was visited using a cluster sampling technique. The survey documented the levels of literacy and health education awareness of the caretakers, measured the vaccination coverage levels for children and women of childbearing age, and determined treatment practices for diarrhoea and malaria. Of the 637 women who reported having given birth in the previous 12 months, 96% had visited an antenatal clinic, but only 49% had had two or more doses of tetanus toxoid, and 13% took weekly chemoprophylaxis against malaria. The vaccination coverage for measles was 16% for children aged 12-23 months. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) was given to 16% of children with diarrhoea; however, only 43% of those who were administered ORT at home were treated according to standard guidelines. Of children with diarrhoea, 51% were given antidiarrhoeal or antimicrobial drugs by caretakers. Fever was treated at home for 79% of the febrile children, and 43% of those with fever also visited health units. The use of injectable antimalarials and prolonged treatments with chloroquine were common. Combining findings from a population-based community study with an assessment of practices in health facilities can provide reliable information for the implementation and monitoring of selective components of primary health care.
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PMID:Monitoring selective components of primary health care: methodology and community assessment of vaccination, diarrhoea, and malaria practices in Conakry, Guinea. ACSI-CCCD team. 263 83

The government of Papua New Guinea has been committed since independence to providing primary health care to its entire population through a government-operated national health system. In spite of geographic, cultural, and linguistic barriers, most people have access to primary health services and major indicators of the health of the population have improved. However, deficiencies in the provision of preventive services exist and common infectious diseases, particularly malaria, are still the main causes of morbidity and mortality. Economic realities dictate that improvements in health status in the immediate future will have to come through improved productivity and quality of services rather than expansion of the health care system.
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PMID:Health services in Papua New Guinea. 266 35

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) has been implicated as a mediator of toxicity in a number of infectious diseases, including malaria. We have shown that human and rodent blood-stage parasites liberate heat-stable soluble antigens that induce the release of TNF by activated macrophages in vitro and in vivo, and are toxic to mice made hypersensitive to TNF by D-galactosamine. These antigens induce T-independent antibodies which specifically block their ability, but not that of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, to cause the secretion of TNF. Cytokine release in vitro may be a useful strategy for identifying potentially toxic molecules of infectious organisms and for investigating the nature of antibodies that can protect the host against their damaging effects.
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PMID:Induction of TNF in vitro as a model for the identification of toxic malaria antigens. 267 57

In his comprehensive Oeuvre, Galen of Pergamon, who interpreted and perfected Hippocratic medicine, made many times and in various contexts mention of the intermittent fevers, among which malaria undoubtedly held a prominent position. The following article gives an outline of Galen's theoretical concept of this infectious disease, which was of utmost importance for the history of Italy. Galen describes three different types of intermittent fevers, of which, according to his theory of humoural pathology, each one is caused by a special humour with its respective qualities. Thus the quotidian fever is caused by phlegm, the tertian fever by the yellow bile and the quartan fever by the black bile. Apart from the three basic types of fever Galen describes a number of other mixed forms which can either be developed out of identical types or out of different ones. A mixture of a special kind is febris semitertiana: a continuous quotidian is accompanied by an intermittent tertian. It is the worst and most dangerous of these fevers. On the whole Galen's theory of malaria is a paradigm for his forming the reality of diseases on the basis of his pre-knowledge of humoural pathology into a closed system of theory.
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PMID:[Galen's intermittent fever]. 268 35

Rapid air travel has increased the potential for international transmission of infectious diseases. Important aspects of this problem include the transmission of foodborne and waterborne illnesses, the translocation of insect vectors, the rapid transport of individuals with incubating illnesses, the direct transmission of diseases inside aircraft and the transmission of zoonoses through animal transport. Infectious outbreaks on aircraft and in the vicinity of airports have included influenza, staphylococcal gastroenteritis, salmonellosis, cholera and malaria.
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PMID:International spread of disease by air travel. 268 87

The Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health in 1987 instituted a nationwide programme to gather data on the efficacy of chloroquine in treating malaria in children as a basis for the development of a national malaria therapy policy. The programme is part of a comprehensive Combating Childhood Communicable Diseases (CCCD) programme. A simplified WHO in vivo method, involving follow-up observations on day 1 (D1), D2, D7 and D14 following the first day the study began (D0), was used for this study. A total of 769 children were screened, of which 363 (47%) were positive for malaria parasites. Fifty-three children were enrolled for the 14-day follow up, and chloroquine phosphate, 25 mg (base) kg-1, was given in three divided doses on D0, D1 and D2. Parasitological failure occurred in 25% of the children. There were no clinical failures in the study; i.e. no child found with parasitaemia after completing treatment was judged to be clinically ill. Generally the older children had the heavier parasite densities and severer symptoms.
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PMID:Efficacy of chloroquine in the treatment of malaria in children under five years in Baissa (Gongola State, Nigeria). 269 Jul 63

One of the most intriguing aspects concerning the pathogenesis of AIDS is the long period of latency of the HIV in human cells, not causing any cytopatic effect in some and, on the other hand, causing cell destruction, at short periods, in others. The various agents and the mechanisms they adopt to reactivate the latente HIV, were described. Also the frequent epidemiological observation on the presence of both such agents and the HIV in AIDS patients allowed the authors to speculate on the probable important role of a cohort of co-factors which determine the destiny of such individuals. Special considerations were made in respect to the hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, herpesviruses (HHV-1, e and 6), EB virus, HTLV-1 and 2 retroviruses, group B arbovirus Maguary, malaria and other endemic infectious diseases which victimize millions of Brazilians. Accepting the importance of such co-factors acting on the viral gens that regulate the HIV expression in the host cell, it was speculated on the possible role of vaccines, such as the hepatitis B vaccine, and some antiviral drugs which could be useful in the indirect prevention of AIDS-disease in both HIV-carriers and those practising AIDS-high-risk-activities.
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PMID:[Pathogenesis of AIDS: possible role of co-factors in HIV reactivation]. 269 96

The mean annual rate of decline of the probability of dying 5 years of age in developing countries is 2.5%. Nevertheless disease accounts for a considerable proportion of premature deaths. The leading causes of death in these countries, in order, include respiratory disease, diseases of the circulatory system, low birth weight, diarrhea, measles, injuries, malnutrition, and neoplasms. These conditions represent diseases of poverty and affluence. Respiratory infections are common among 5-year old children and cause a high proportion of child deaths. Circulatory diseases tend to be limited to adults. Control of hypertension, diet, smoking prevention, and exercise can prevent circulatory diseases. The risk of dying in infancy and childhood and of developmental disabilities is higher among low birth weight infants than those who weigh 2500 gm. In Bangladesh, 50% of infants weight 2500 gm. Low birth weight is the underlying cause of death for many infants who die of respiratory infections and diarrhea. Oral rehydration can successfully treat most diarrhea cases. Malnutrition and diarrhea tend to occur together and feed off each other. In fact malnourished people are more susceptible to all infections. Malnourished children suffer from disabilities in development and growth. The greatest sufferers of measles are infants and malnourished children. Immunization of all =or 9-month old infants would eradicate measles. Children and young adults are at the highest risk of injuries. Lung cancer is on the rise in developing countries due to the increase of tobacco smoking. Various means of controlling malaria are use of mosquito nets, antimalarial drugs, reduction of mosquito breeding places, and pesticides. The new infectious disease, AIDS, has emerged as a considerable health problem in developing countries. High priority research areas are vaccines for Streptococcus pneumonia, Plasmodium app., rotavirus, Salmonella typhi (Ty21a), and Shigella spp.
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PMID:Disease problems in the Third World. 269 79

We concluded a study on 208 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 401 controls in the North-East of Italy in order to investigate the role of indicators of socio-economic status, personal habits, past history of various disorders and medical treatments potentially affecting the immune system, and occupational exposures in the aetiology of such neoplasia. None of the several investigated characteristics appeared to be a strong determinant, i.e. relative risk, RR greater than 2.0, of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cases and controls appeared to be very similar as regards education, main life-time occupation and alcohol consumption. Positive associations, however, emerged with chronic infectious diseases, mainly tuberculosis and malaria (RR = 1.8, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.1-2.9). Non significantly increased risks were also found for smoking habit (RR ever vs never smokers = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0-2.3), episodes of herpes zoster infection (RR = 1.4; 95% CI: 0.7-2.6) and occupation in chemical and petrochemical industries (RR = 1.6; 95% CI: 0.9-3.1, and 1.8; 95% CI: 0.9-3.8, respectively). Conversely, farming as well as specific exposure to herbicides and pesticides did not seem to affect the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the present investigation.
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PMID:The epidemiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the north-east of Italy: a hospital-based case-control study. 277 Mar 31


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