Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

All 110 patients seen in North East Scotland after contracting malaria from foreign travel were treated in the Regional Infection Unit in Aberdeen. Those patients managed there from January 1980 to March 1991 are described. There were 54 episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria (49%) and 26 episodes (23%) of Plasmodium vivax malaria. The remainder had either mixed infection or were diagnosed as malaria on high clinical probability. The majority of the patients were male (80%) and under 40 years of age (84%). Most patients were either caucasians born in the UK (69%) or native Africans (23%) who were students recently arrived for further education or who had returned from visiting their country of origin for summer holidays. The British residents acquired infection either while on oil related business in West or Central Africa (46%) or after travelling on holiday (30%). The peak incidence of presentation was August and September. 93.5% of patients with falciparum malaria had returned or originated from Africa. 42% with vivax malaria had visited Africa and 27% Papua New Guinea. 70% had been prescribed antimalarial prophylaxis but less than half of these took their medication correctly. The majority of patients with falciparum malaria presented within two weeks of arrival in Britain while patients with vivax malaria presented at varying (but generally longer) intervals, 42% being diagnosed more than three months after exposure. Falciparum infection was more severe although there have been no deaths in the unit from malaria. Our experience seemed of interest and worth reporting because of the number of patients whose infection reflected travel related to the off shore oil industry, which is centred in Aberdeen.
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PMID:Malaria in Aberdeen: an audit of 110 patients admitted between 1980-1991. 141 77

Widespread use and misuse of antiinfectiva have resulted in a problem of drug resistance linked to treatment of infectious diseases. In developing countries especially, the sale of such drugs is poorly controlled and the pharmaceutical industry is dumping obsolete products. Intensive marketing, lack of diagnostic facilities and receptive local cultural attitudes to new "wonder drugs" such as antibiotics, have resulted in dramatic unnecessary use of such. Therefore the ideal strategies for treatment of infectious diseases guided by microbiological diagnosis and resistance pattern are violated in most developing countries, leading to excessive use of antiinfectiva and development of resistance. This has serious consequences for the infections that cause most cases of infant mortality, namely malaria, diarrhoeas and infections of the respiratory tract. Improvements in this vicious circle of drug use and resistance can only be made by attacking several factors simultaneously. There is a need for general information, stricter legislation, essential drug lists, national drug policies, better knowledge of local resistance patterns, better diagnostic facilities, better knowledge about local beliefs about drugs and better communication to local health workers and the community.
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PMID:[Resistance problems in developing countries--use and misuse of antiinfective agents]. 141 4

The experience in treating infectious diseases in wounded and traumatized persons from the contingent of the Soviet Troops in ++Afghanistan is described. The syndrome of the joint effect of the injury and infection is characterized. Features of the chemotherapy of the injured patients with viral hepatitis, malaria, typhoid fever and enteric and ++extra-enteric amebiasis under the ecological and professional stress and with an account of the etiology of the wound infection are presented. The favourable effect of the developed methods for chemotherapy of the joint affections was shown.
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PMID:[Characteristics of chemotherapy of infectious diseases associated with gunshot wounds and trauma]. 141 37

The Industrial Revolution ushered in a rapid transition from agriculture to industrialization. Some biological effects of this transition included increasing life expectancy, reduced infant mortality, and some decline in fertility. Reduced infant mortality first brought about an increase in life expectancy, but as humans were able to control infectious diseases, child and adult mortality also decreased. Now, accidents and chronic diseases are responsible for most mortality in many age groups. This shift from infectious diseases to accidents and chronic diseases is called the health transition. Japan and US are Pacific Basin countries which have relatively high life expectancy and low infant mortality (1988, 75.54 years vs. 71.38 years, and 4.4 vs. 9.9, respectively). These figures suggest that these countries rather advanced in the health transition. Japan may have better life expectancy than the US because of the effect of environmental factors, ethnic diversity, and health care differentials by social class on cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality. China and Thailand hold intermediate positions (67.98 years (1985-1990) vs. 63.82 years (1985-1986), and 32.4 vs. 39, respectively). Some research indicates that urban conditions and factory work increase the cardiovascular disease risk among the Chinese. Recent research suggests that access to immunization and modern medical care for acute disease are the only critical variables of the health transition rather than other variables. Papua New Guinea is not progressing very well (53.18 years and 58). Papua New Guinea has not yet been able to control infectious diseases, especially malaria. This comparison illustrates that populations progress through the health transition at different rates.
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PMID:Health transition: examples from the western Pacific. 142 38

Widespread use and misuse of anti-infective agents have resulted in a problem of drug resistance linked to treatment of infectious diseases. In developing countries especially, the sale of such drugs is poorly controlled and the pharmaceutical industry is dumping obsolete products. Intensive marketing, lack of diagnostic facilities and receptive local cultural attitudes to new "wonder drugs" such as antibiotics, have resulted in dramatic unnecessary use of such. Therefore the ideal strategies for treatment of infectious diseases guided by microbiological diagnosis and resistance pattern are violated in most developing countries, leading to excessive use of anti-infective agents and development of resistance. This has serious consequences for the infections that cause most cases of infant mortality, namely malaria, diarrhoeas and infections of the respiratory tract. Improvements in this vicious circle of drug use and resistance can only be made by attacking several factors simultaneously. There is a need for general information, stricter legislation, essential drug lists, national drug policies, better knowledge of local resistance patterns, better diagnostic facilities, better knowledge about local beliefs about drugs and better communication to local health workers and the community.
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PMID:[Problems of drug resistance in developing countries--use and abuse of anti-infective agents]. 144 44

In the 1990s, malaria worldwide is still the most important infectious disease. In endemic areas mostly children carry the highest burden of morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless an increasing incidence in adults can be expected. Patterns of disease and immunity within a population may be related to host parasite interactions and recent advances in immunology have contributed to a better understanding at the molecular level. Humoral and cellular responses play a major part in the immunity as well as immunopathology of malaria. Due to their extensive adaptive modulation, it will be extremely difficult to expel malaria parasites from their ecological niche. Most approaches of immunization targeted at different parasite stages, interfere with the acquisition of natural immunity and should thus be pursued with great care if implemented in the field.
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PMID:[Malaria: immune mechanisms and immunization]. 145 94

The presence of the CD4+ T cell has been shown to be crucial for resolution of acute infection in the Plasmodium chabaudi adami murine malaria model. This model is, therefore, suitable for the isolation of malaria antigens that are capable of activating protective T cells. In light of this, we set out to identify P. chabaudi adami molecules that activate protective responses in this model. Denatured P. chabaudi adami proteins were isolated by continuous-flow electrophoresis on the basis of their apparent molecular masses and then sequentially assessed for the ability to protect mice in immunization experiments. We report here that low-molecular-mass P. chabaudi adami polypeptides in the range from 25 to 40 kDa are most effective at immunizing mice against a challenge infection with viable P. chabaudi adami. The method used to obtain these proteins could also be applied to identify molecules that activate protective cell-mediated responses in other infectious disease models.
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PMID:Proteins with molecular masses of 25 to 40 kilodaltons elicit optimal protective responses against Plasmodium chabaudi adami infection. 145 38

More and more travellers go to ever more widespread destinations. Diverse sources of advice exist on the protection of travellers against medical hazards encountered abroad. This study attempts to show that the General Practitioner (GP) is the best person to give pre-travel health advice on immunisation and malaria prophylaxis. A postal questionnaire was sent to all 681 GPs in the Greater Glasgow area, to assess their views on the provision of health advice for travellers; in addition we asked whether they knew about the free access to a computerised database on travel health advice (Travax) provided by the Communicable Diseases (Scotland) Unit, and what their view was of the usefulness of this service. The overwhelming majority (87%) of responding GPs felt that pre-travel health advice was best provided in the primary care setting. This group of GPs appear enthusiastic about providing health advice for travellers, in accord with the apparent preference of travellers themselves, and 85% indicated that they would find the travel health advice service a useful aid.
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PMID:Immunisation and health advice for travellers: the role of the general practitioner. 148 68

Infection of the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, with several strains of Plasmodium falciparum leads in a proportion of animals to neurological symptoms with a fatal outcome. This first simian model for human cerebral malaria was studied with three strains of parasites, the uncloned Palo Alto(FUP-1) strain, the Palo AltoPLF3 clone MHB11, and the recently monkey-adapted P. falciparum strain IPC/RAY. Cerebral malaria could develop during primo infection of monkeys, whether the animals had been splenectomized or not. It did not occur in all animals and the appearance of neurological symptoms could not be predicted, as it was not related to the degree of parasitemia or duration of parasite infections.
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PMID:Experimental Plasmodium falciparum cerebral malaria in the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus. 149 71

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common human enzymopathy. Because its gene locus is on the X-chromosome it is more common in males than females in all populations. Prevalence rates vary from 62% among Kurdish Jews to the very low rates (0.1% or less in Japan, for example), which are compatible with sporadic cases arising from spontaneous mutations. However, there is at least one population in which G6PD deficiency has not been found, namely the indigenous (Amerindian) population of America. Approximately 400 variants have been described. Despite the clinical burden imposed by this enzymopathy, polymorphic frequencies have been reached in many populations. There is abundant epidemiological evidence that this has happened because of a biological advantage conferred on heterozygotes in falciparum malaria endemic areas. This advantage may apply to quartan malaria as well. Clinical severity varies, from the rare chronic nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia to progressively milder forms like the Mediterranean and A- types. The other clinical syndromes, i.e. neonatal jaundice and haemolysis caused by infections, foods, drugs and chemicals, are not always predictable. This is because only a fraction of such enzymopathic persons develop these syndromes after exposure to the relevant stimulus. Modern techniques of molecular biology may elucidate why this is so. There is some emerging evidence that the genetic burden or survival value associated with G6PD deficiency may be relevant not only in tropical and infectious diseases, but also in their chemotherapy (e.g. malaria) as well as in the control of a long-recognized environmental pollutant such as lead.
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PMID:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. 151 Nov 80


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