Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cholera toxin B subunit is a good carrier protein and an effective adjuvant which can boost both cellular and humoral immunity. DNA fragments encoding B cell, Th cell and CTL epitopes of P. falciparum CS, MSA-1, MSA-2 and RESA antigens were cloned down-2 stream of cholera toxin B subunit gene in the same reading frame. High titer of anti-malaria epitopes antibodies and strong cellular immunogenicity were elicited after Balb/c mice were immunized three times with 100 micrograms recombinant plasmid DNA dissolved in 100 microliters PBS. A total of 120 vaccinees were challenged with mouse Plasmodium yoelli to investigate if cross protection existed. The protective efficacy was about 60%-80%. Four rhesus monkeys were challenged with 10(8) of P. cynomalgi, better results were obtained in the groups immunized with mixed plasmids including NANP, AWTE.
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PMID:[Assessment of malaria DNA vaccines in mice and monkeys]. 1088 74

Recombinant fusion protein of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and poly-valent protective epitopes of plasmodium falciparum was given to i.m. to C57BL/6j mice and rhesus monkeys three times. In rhesus monkeys, high level of antibodies for CTB (1:6400) and malaria epitopes (1:3200) amtobpdoes were elicited as well as the specific CTL activity for P. plasmodium. After the mice were challenged with sporozoites of P. yeolli, about 50% of them were protected from the patent infection. A blood-stage challenge with 10(8) of P. cynomolgi parasite were given to rhesus monkeys, which showed that two animals in control group were patent infection for at least 30 days, in contrast, the two animals immunized were recovered respectively at the day of 11 and 15 after challenges. The results suggested that cholera toxin acts as an effective adjuvent in the development of malaria vaccine.
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PMID:[Induction of protective immune response in mice and rhesus monkeys by immunization with fusion protein of cholera toxin B subunit and multiples of Plasmodium falciparum]. 1105 75

Emerging diseases are those which have shown an increased in humans over the last 20 years. Re-emerging diseases are those which have reappeared after a period of significant decrease in incidence. The etiological agents of these diseases in the Western Hemisphere are viruses (HIV, dengue, oroupuche, sabia, guanarito, or hanta), bacteria (Vibrio cholera, Borrellia burgdorferi, Legionella pneumofila, Eseherichia coli 0157:H7, or other bacteria with a new pattern of antibiotic resistance), or parasites (Cryptosporidia, Cyclosporidia or drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum). Due to the widespread geographical distribution of these infectious diseases in the Americas, and an increasing number of travellers (more than 87 million persons within the region in 1997), there are many opportunities to contract an infection when travelling in developed or undeveloped countries. The infection may present with symptoms during the trip, or following the traveler s return to his or her place of origin. However, too often practicing physicians do not inquire about the travel history of their patients and, when they do, they often lack the information about diseases relevant to travelers. From the regional perspective, the emerging or reemerging agents that pose a higher risk to tourists or travelers are: 1) those that cause enteric infections; 2) sexually transmitted diseases; and 3) vector-borne diseases, including those present in ecotourism areas. Emerging and re-emerging diseases that physicians may encounter in their clinical practice while caring for travelers returning from different countries of the Western Hemisphere are briefly described (Lyme disease, legionellosis, dengue, yellow fever, P. falciparum malaria, cyclosporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis). This report attempts to draw attention to the fact that new clinical and etiological entities are present in several geographical areas of the Americas; to place each of these entities into an epidemiological context; and to end the misconception that only travel to poor countries carries a risk of acquiring an infection. By knowing which infectious agents occur in each area and the incubation period of each disease, the treating physician can often treat patients successfully. Health care professionals must be aware of the organisms circulating in the region so that they have them in mind during their clinical practice.
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PMID:Tourism and Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in the Americas: What Physicians Must Remember for Patient Diagnosis and Care. 1109 91

The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the DNA vaccine which include cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and polyvalent protective epitopes of Plasmodium falciparum (awte gene) was assessed using rhesus monkeys as animal models. Recombinant plasmids of pCMV-CTB-AWTE were given to five rhesus monkeys three times with two weeks intervals by intramuscle (i.m.) route, immunization dose was 500 micrograms per plasmid per animal. High levels of anti-CTB and anti-malaria epitopes antibodies and P. falciparum epitope specific CTL activity were elicited. The vaccinated groups was challenged with 1.25 x 10(8) of P. cynomolgi parasites. All monkeys of the control group was patent for at least 34 days, the DNA vaccinated groups wasn't infected during the 60 days we detected. The cocktail DNA vaccine which contains multi-stage and multi-epitope antigen gene shows excellent immunogenicity and protective efficacy, the results also suggests that DNA vaccine plays an important role against malaria infection.
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PMID:[Induction of protective immune responses in rhesus monkey by immunization with recombinant plasmids of polyvalent epitopes of Plasmodium falciparum using cholera toxin B as adjuvant]. 1120 90

The author invites to appreciate some short stories by Giovanni Verga and Luigi Pirandello, Italian writers who lived at the turn of the last century. These tales give an interesting description of two infectious diseases (malaria and cholera), and analyze their relationship with the conditions of poverty and ignorance spread across rural areas in Sicily--a region in the South of Italy--at that times.
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PMID:[Infectious diseases in the short stories written by Verga and Pirandello]. 1143 23

In the first part of this review, AIDS, prion diseases, Hantavirus and arbovirus infections, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, legionellosis, hepatitis C, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections, Lyme disease, tuberculosis have provided alarming examples of emerging or reemerging infectious diseases. In this second part, the stress is placed on the reemergence of diphtheria and of serious streptococcal infections, on bartonelloses, Chlamydia infections, fungal infections, while malaria and cholera are still prevalent in several areas. The increasing resistance of too many pathogens to antimicrobial agents is a major source of concern, directly related to the challenge of nosocomial infections. An infectious cause has been demonstrated (or strongly suspected) for various diseases and the scope of infectiology keeps widening, while the threat of bioterrorism cannot be neglected. The causes of the emergence or reemergence of infectious diseases are multiple and diverse, often in direct relation with human activities (population migrations, changes in husbandry or farming practices, worldwide exchanges of goods and foods, inadequate uses of antibiotics) but also with climatic variations in several areas. The challenge represented by this unexpected comeback of infections to the forefront of human and animal pathology can only be met with a significant improvement of hygienic practices, cessation of certain dangerous behaviors and also, of course, with the development of novel antimicrobial molecules (acting on original targets) as well as of a whole series of new specific vaccines.
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PMID:[The worldwide challenges of "new" or reemerging communicable diseases at the dawn of the 21st century]. 1146 79

During this period, malaria, pneumonia, dysentery and enteritis, and acute infectious diseases, including plague, typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, smallpox, infectious epidemic meningitis, malaria, tsutsugamushi and endemic diseases such as goitre were the important causes of death. In parasitology, the most important discovery was lung fluke, followed by research achievement in clinical and basic sciences. In Taiwan, studies on poisonous snake were proceeded rather early. The special medical system in this period included the Gynecological Hospital and medical insurance system. In the medical staff, not a few Japanese were included. Dr. Du Congming, who made great contributions to medicine in Taiwan, may be viewed as the father of medicine in Taiwan. A Journal of Taiwan Medical Association was published in Taiwan by the said Association.
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PMID:[Medicine in Taiwan during the period of Japanese occupation]. 1161 76

The regiment of the Zouaves pontificaux was formed by young Catholic volunteers, chiefly French, Dutch and Belgian, who enrolled for the defence of the Pontifical State from 1861 to 1870 against the scheme of the United Italy planned by King Victor-Emmanuel II and Garibaldi. For ten years fights were scarce. They only took place in 1867 principally in Mentana and in September 1870 when the papal state was invaded and Rome taken. At first the military medical service in the regiment as in the whole army was rather inadequate except for the central hospital. The ambulances system was based largely upon benevolent people. But the organization improved in 1870. On the whole amongst more than 9,000 enlisted volunteers, 476 died (5%). The causes of death were more often diseases (78%) than injuries. As in all the armies of that time, cholera, smallpox, typhoid fever made a lot of victims. Malaria which still reigned in the Latium was responsible of a large morbidity.
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PMID:[Health services, morbidity and mortality in the regiment of the Papal Zouaves in Italy (1861-1870)]. 1161 38

German Studies in tropical medicine come down from two sources. One of them is a pioneer activity of Koch and his disciples, especially after cholera epidemic in Hamburg in 1882; the other one--an activity of pharmaceutic industry, in particular of Bayer company. In article there are presented the scientists engaged upon the succeeding preparations against malaria and the ways leading to synthesis of them. There is also presented the progress of studies on schistosomatosis. Among the particularly meritorious in this field there are the Institut in Hamburg and similar institutions in Tubingen and Munich. Significant part in development of research was played by Germany Society for Tropical Medicine.
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PMID:[German studies in tropical medicine after the Ist World War]. 1161 74

The 19th century was a period of comprehensive, "big" histories of diseases. German historiographers of diseases were especially prominent. World-famous is August Hirsch's Handbuch der historisch-geographischen Pathologie (the second edition appeared in three volumes in 1881-1886). The first volume of the Finn Immanuel Ilmoni's (1797-1856) Bidrag till Nordens sjukdoms-historia (A History of Diseases in the Nordic Countries) was published in 1846, the second volume in 1849 and the third in 1853. In this book Ilmoni treated the history of disease up to the year 1800. He planned a fourth volume, dealing with the 19th century, but this book was never published. Ilmoni was strongly influenced by the ideas of Thomas Sydenham and the German exponents of Naturphilosophie. Ilmoni's "ontological" concept of disease was rejected by Erik Alexander Ingman, a contemporary Finnish representative of "modern" medical ideas. After Ilmoni, nobody has attempted to write a comprehensive history of diseases in Finland, but histories of cholera (Carl Qvist, 1872) lepra (Lars Fagerlund, 1886), malaria (Richard Sievers, 1891) and pulmonary tuberculosis (Woldemar Backman and Severi Savonen, 1934) have been published. Diseases in Finland received very little attention in the "world histories" of diseases. After Hirsch only one comprehensive "world history" of diseases has been published (1993).
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PMID:[Historiography of diseases in Finland]. 1162 20


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