Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
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Physicians counseling patients who are planning major travels should make sure that baseline immunizations (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, polio, measles, rubella) and any necessary boosters are current. In addition, several other immunizations may be warranted (yellow fever, typhoid, and cholera), depending on destination(s) and itinerary, and prophylaxis for malaria may be advisable. As worldwide requirements for immunization do change, the physician should verify current requirements before planning an immunization schedule for a particular patient.
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PMID:Immunization. Around the world in 80 shots. 682 57

Concurrently with the development of the general health services infrastructure in India, serveral special health programs were instituted at the national level to provide a massive and concentrated assault on the major public health problems of malaria, smallpox, cholera, trachoma, tuberculosis, leprosy, filariasis, and the rapid population growth. These vertical programs were expected to reduce the heavy morbidity and mortality within the shortest possible time to where they were no longer major public health problems. The impact was variable. Major steps toward providing integrated health care were taken during the first 5-year plan. Emphasis was on the provision of a packet of inttegrated health, family planning, and nutrition services to the vulnerable groups, i.e., children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers. To rectify past shortcomings ssuch as the failures of the national health programs, ineffective coordination in the nutrition programs, and slow rate of development as a result of interdependence of different sectors, it was necessary to improve the health infrastructure and to launch a frontal attack on poverty. The Multipurpose Health Workers Scheme was planned to rationalize the organization and use of available manpower to reduce the area and population covered by each of the field staff in order to reduce travel time and to make services more effective and more satisfactory. Each multipurpose health worker was entrusted with the task of providing comprehensive health care to about 5000 people. Communicable diseases were the main public health problems, and many specific control/eradication programs were launched. the immunization programs against common childhood diseases have not taken deep roots and coverage continues to be poor. The adoption of the Western model of medical services has resulted in emphasis on "cure" rather than on "care". Another problem is maldistribution of the facilities. Overemphasis on medical education has resulted in the relative neglect of development of health manpower for nursing, environmental engineering, and other technical and paramedical personnel. Community involvement and participation were at a minimum if they existed at all. The basic concern about primary health care for all continued unabated however. To realize the goal of health care for all, 3 programs will have to be pursued simultaneously during the next 2 decades: integrated overall development including family planning; improvement in nutrition, environment, and health education; and the provision of adequate health care services for all, particularly the poor and underprivileged. It is necessary to redefine the roles of the central and state governments in view of the large power powers delegated to local bodies at the district level and below. Voluntary agencies will have to function within the overall plan/aid down by the state.
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PMID:Primary health care in India. 704 59

Singapore, located in South-east Asia, enjoys a high standard of health care. However, certain diseases are still of major concern to the health authorities, who feel these could be more easily controlled if the public were more aware of their modes of transmission. A "Combat infectious diseases" campaign was therefore launched to educate the public on food-borne diseases (cholera, enteric fever), malaria, dengue/dengue haemmorrhagic fever, leprosy, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhoea). Educational activities in the form of talks, film shows and exhibitions in schools, community centres and other institutions were carried out over a 15-month period. This paper analyzes some of the factors which affected the results of the campaign, as revealed by a health survey conducted in a selected lower-middle income urban community, where sub-groups of the adult population (aged above 15) were tested to assess their health knowledge. Findings indicate that educational level, age of respondents and language proficiency--four languages are used in Singapore--seem to be the three variables that affect the likelihood of the respondents' receptivity to campaign information.
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PMID:Factors influencing the outcome of health campaigns: a case study in Singapore. 746 67

The author's conclusion in this article is that the problem of population displacement appears to be increasing and that the geographic impact is spreading. There is a need to predict complex emergencies (civilians affected by war or civil strike and population displacement) earlier. Effective intervention methods will require information on the quantity and content of relief commodities and analysis of the impact of relief on the health and nutrition of the affected population. International relief efforts must be more than a symbol of help. The goal should be to prevent excess mortality among the affected populations. The public health challenge is to improve the health status of populations caught in the cycle of war, intimidation, hunger, migration, and death. The direct health consequences of civil strife are identified as death, injury, disability, sexual assault, and psychological stress. The indirect health consequences are identified as mass migration, food shortages, hunger, and the collapse of health services. The numbers of people affected as dependent refugees under the care of UNHCR increased from 5 million in 1980 to almost 23 million in 1994. The total population of refugees and displaced persons is reported to have increased between 1990 and 1994 from 30 million to 48 million. The death rate of newly arrived refugees in Thailand, Somalia, and Sudan is estimated to be 30 times the death rate in the country of origin. Crude death rates (deaths/1000/month) during 1990-93 are reported as ranging from 3.5 to 12 times the rates in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nepal, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. The death rates of children aged under 5 years are estimated to be higher than adult rates. Causes of death are generally preventable. Common causes of death include measles, diarrhea, malaria, cholera and dysentery, and acute respiratory infections. Public health programs must target basic needs for shelter, food, water, and sanitation.
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PMID:Mass population displacement. A global public health challenge. 767 72

The biology, veterinary importance and control of certain Nematocera are described and discussed. Culicoides spp. (family Ceratopogonidae) transmit the arboviruses of bluetongue (BT), African horse sickness (AHS), bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) and Akabane. Some other arboviruses have been isolated from these species, while fowl pox has been transmitted experimentally by Culicoides. These insects are vectors of the parasitic protozoans Leucocytozoon caulleryi and Haemoproteus nettionis, and the parasitic nematodes Onchocerca gutturosa, O. gibsoni and O. cervicalis. They also cause recurrent summer hypersensitivity in horses, ponies, donkeys, cattle and sheep. Farm animals can die as a result of mass attack by Simulium spp., which are also vectors of Leucocytozoon simondi, L. smithi and the filariae O. gutturosa, O. linealis and O. ochengi. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) have been isolated from simuliids, and vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey strain has been replicated in Simulium vittatum. Simuliids are well known as vectors of O. volvulus, the cause of human onchocercosis (river blindness). The family Psychodidae includes the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia (subfamily Phlebotominae), vectors of Leishmania spp. in humans, dogs and other mammals. Vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana strain has been regularly isolated from phlebotomine sandflies. Mass attack by mosquitoes can also prove fatal to farm animals. Mosquitoes are vectors of the viruses of Akabane, BEF, RVF, Japanese encephalitis, VEE, western equine encephalomyelitis, eastern equine encephalomyelitis and west Nile meningoencephalitis, secondary vectors of AHS and suspected vectors of Israel turkey meningoencephalitis. The viruses of hog cholera, fowl pox and reticuloendotheliosis, the rickettsiae Eperythrozoon ovis and E. suis, and the bacterium Borrelia anserina are mechanically transmitted by mosquitoes. These insects also induce allergic dermatitis in horses. They transmit several filarial worms of both animals and humans, and are of great medical importance as vectors of major human diseases, including malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever and many more diseases caused by arboviruses.
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PMID:Nematocera (Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae, Simuliidae and Culicidae) and control methods. 771 9

Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for the most severe form of malaria, undergoes an asexual multiplication in man and a sexual one in mosquito. The asexual cycle can be reproduced in vitro. The present work reports the isolation of a small guanosine triphosphate-binding protein in Plasmodium falciparum extracts. This protein, a 21,000 M(r) Ras-like molecule, was revealed by western blotting in each stage of the intraerythrocytic asexual life cycle. Conversely, a 46,000 M(r) G alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein was found to be expressed during a short period from mature schizonts to free merozoites. In order to provide additional evidence for the presence of these GTP-binding proteins in Plasmodium falciparum cultures and also to determine the kinetics, we tested two toxins that are involved in the cellular signalling transduction. We observed that pertussis toxin increases P. falciparum growth, whereas cholera toxin induces crisis forms, and subsequent parasite death within the following 24 h.
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PMID:Evidence for expression of a Ras-like and a stage specific GTP binding homologous protein by Plasmodium falciparum. 788 4

International travels are increasingly frequent. Beside malaria prophylaxis, the general practitioner will review several vaccinations.e Tetanus and poliomyelitis vaccines should be administered once every ten years. It will often be useful to give a protection against hepatitis A, and less often, against typhoid fever. The yellow fever vaccine, which may be required or recommended to visit several African and South American countries, is injected only by officially recognised centres. For some travels, vaccination against hepatitis B, meningococcal meningitis or, rarely, against rabies may be considered. The vaccine against cholera will never be administered, due to its lack of efficacy and high frequency of side effects. Travellers diarrhoea will be discussed, and a "pocket" treatment prescribed. Finally, general information will be provided, including those on STD.
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PMID:[Vaccinations and useful advice for travelers]. 793 82

20-50% of all travellers to tropical and subtropical countries experience health problems during or after travel. Mainly respiratory tract infections or gastrointestinal disorders are predominant. As specific disorders imported from the tropics traveller's diarrhoea is prevailing, however amebic and helminthic infections, hepatitis A, malaria, sexually transmitted diseases as well skin disorders are rather common. Classical tropical diseases such as cholera, sleeping sickness or trachoma play only a very minor role as imported infections. The majority of health impairments during or after travel are uncomplicated or self limiting. However, falciparum malaria, viral hepatitides, typhoid fever, tropical viral infections and infections of the CNS can take a malicious course. Early diagnosis and treatment generally can provide complete cure without sequels. Sequels are most commonly seen following hepatitis B and C as well as HIV infection but also as a result of CNS infections (e.g. encephalitis) and of imported tuberculosis. For medical expert opinion it is essential that sequels were present already during the acute phase of illness. The socio-economical impact of infections imported from the tropics is considerable due to the high morbidity figures. Preventive measures before and after a stay in tropical countries could markedly reduce the health risks involved.
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PMID:[Sequelae of imported tropical diseases in Germany]. 794 Dec 24

The English-speaking Caribbean is in transition toward communicable disease health patterns seen in the more developed world. Structural adjustment policies in recent years have weakened control measures, such as water supply and sanitation, as illustrated by recent outbreaks of typhoid fever in Jamaica (1990-1991), increased malaria incidence in Suriname and Guyana (with temporary importation into southern Trinidad in 1991), an upswing in tuberculosis in some countries, and the occurrence of cholera outbreaks in Belize, Suriname, and Guyana. The emergence of epidemic cholera throughout most of Latin America in 1991, and Caribbean mainland countries in 1992, aroused concern. Deteriorating socioeconomic conditions and the consequent communicable disease risk underscored the absence of communicable disease control in the Caribbean Cooperation in Health (CCH) strategy which was adopted in 1986 by the countries of the Caribbean Community. The Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC) offered the following analysis: At least four out of seven CCH priorities already directly address critical aspects of communicable disease control, and therefore the question arises whether communicable disease control should be recognized as an explicit CCH priority. Beyond cholera and the diseases already represented in the CCH strategy, there are only a few other communicable diseases that warrant specific attention at this time: tuberculosis; leprosy, which CAREC member countries may want to eradicate; and leptospirosis, a zoonosis (communicable disease of animals transmissible to humans) thought to be the most frequent disease of this type in the Caribbean. These three conditions are insufficient to justify a distinct communicable disease grouping within CCH. However, if all communicable diseases of public health importance were to be grouped together (AIDS/STD, vaccine-preventable diseases, food- and waterborne diseases, vector-borne diseases), such a group would be important enough to justify a distinct priority category, with several major subcategories.
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PMID:Communicable disease control as a Caribbean public health priority. 801 35

Practical and precise information about the potential infectious health hazards that travelers to Latin America may encounter is reviewed in this article. Some diseases are briefly described, others are only mentioned. The countries have been grouped into four geographical areas following the classification of the World Health Organization. The discussion on each area includes information on travelers' diarrhea, malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, yellow fever, and other diseases or special problems.
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PMID:Health advice for travelers to Latin America. 802 43


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