Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A biomedical survey was conducted in several areas of Irian Jaya, Indonesia in July 1972 in association with an investigation of reports of a cholera outbreak. Stool specimens, blood smears and sera were collected and examined for evidence of parasitic as well as other infectious diseases. A total of 114 stools were examined and the most commonly found intestinal parasites were Trichuris trichiura (94%), Ascaris lumbricoides (74%), hookworm (58%), Entamoeba coli (15%), Endolimax nana (8%), Entamoeba histolytica (7), Entamoeba hartmanni (4%), Giardia lamblia (3%) and Chilomastix mesnili (3%). A total of 513 blood smears were examined and Wucheria bancrofti microfilariae were detected in 4% and malaria in 4% (Plasmodium falciparum 3%, Plasmodium vivax 2%). The malaria and filarial positive individuals lived in Beeuw, Waigeo and Arar, Sorong. These parasitic infections were not detected in people from Biak City and Sburia, Biak. Sera were collected from 357 persons and significant antibody titers were found for Entamoeba histolytica (4%) Toxoplasma gondii (7%), Influenza A2 Hong Kong 68 (65%), Influenza B Taiwan 68 (78%), Japanese encephalitis virus (87%) and Dengue 1 virus (79%).
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PMID:Biomedical survey in Irian Jaya (West Irian), Indonesia. 20 84

In the framework of the smallpox eradication worldwide programme, WHO, the Ethiopian, and the French governments signed a cooperation agreement by which the French Army Medical Service, based in the French Afars and Issas Territory (TFAI), was designated to carry out an immunization campaign in the ethiopian districts along the border with TFAI. With the every-day collaboration of the ethiopian governmental and traditional authorities, 44,000 people were immunized by the medical and paramedical personnel of 5 "ground teams" with heavy equipment and all-track vehicles and 1 "air-team" with helicopteres. In the same time (7 Feb. - 8 March 1974), the teams collected epidemiological informations on five selected tropical diseases: tuberculosis, malaria, bilharziosis, cholera, small-pox; a team from the TFAI Hygiene and Epidemiological Service investigated thoroughly the Kalo area. The ethiopian border districts are under-equiped with medical and hygiene facilities, and the population is used to go to the TFAI dispensaries and hospitals. TFAI being free of malaria, bilharziosis and smallpox, the French Medical Service has to maintain a firm grip on possible spreading. Kalo area might be a favorable reservoir due to the prevailing ecological conditions. Tuberculosis is so widely common that any control in the TFAI would imply a BCG campaign on both sides of the border within an inter-governmental plan of operations.
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PMID:[Immunization campaign in Ethiopia (author's transl)]. 53 43

Great streams of tourists flow every year from the Federal Republic to southern countries. The danger of infection with serious tropical diseases such as smallpox, cholera or leprosy is fairly small, statistically speaking. Even exotic parasitoses merit only individual medical interest in the majority of cases. Of greater importance are the cosmopolitan infectious diseases such as typhoid fever, paratyphoid, salmonella enteritis, poliomyelitis, viral hepatitides which are transmitted orally and altogether are imported in no small numbers. The alteration of the mode of living caused by the holiday and frequently a false confidence in the hygienic conditions favor the infection. Almost independent of the behavior of the tourists are the infections produced by insect bites, such as malaria or the leishmaniases, which often end fatally for lack of recognition. Here, a better enlightment of the travelers, the use of prophylactic agents and improvement of diagnosis must be instituted.
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PMID:[Tourism and risk of infection (author's transl)]. 82 9

An outline is given of the pattern of communicable disease in the South Pacific, as far as it is known. Surveillance and research are imcomplete and the World Health Organization is assisting in carrying these out. Reporting and laboratory diagnosis of communicable disease are inadequate and sometimes inaccurate. This is being improved. Medical checks for intending migrants from the South Pacific are, in a number of cases, inadequately performed in the country of origin and this situation should be altered. The risks to surrounding developed countries from migrants, temporary workers and returning travellers are not tremendous but they cannot be neglected and vigilance has to be maintained. Tuberculosis importation does present risks, as does that of typhoid. Malaria importation carries risks for Northern Australia. Leprosy poses little real risk to Australia or New Zealand and neither does filariasis. Cholera would have to be watched for closely should there ever be a South Pacific outbreak, but the developed countries around the South Pacific which are cholera-non-receptive can control occasional cases. Other than malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid and possibly dengue, problems are thus mainly in the diagnosis and treatment of individuals.
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PMID:Communicable disease in the South Pacific Islands, 1. 100 33

The US Centers for Disease Control has published recommendations for and information on public health concerns of populations displaced for disasters, such as civil strife and famine. Most recent relief programs use the sustainable primary health care approach of preventive medicine and refugee involvement. This report lists leading, intermediate, and trailing indicators of famine (e.g. low acreage under cultivation, crop failure, and increased malnutrition rates, respectively). Mortality rates are the best reflection of the health status of displaced and refugee populations. The leading causes of death in these populations are the same leading causes as those in nondisplaced populations in developing countries: malnutrition, diarrhea diseases (even cholera), measles, acute respiratory diseases, and malaria. Much of the excess mortality in refugee and displaced populations is due to synergism between high malnutrition prevalence and increased incidence of communicable diseases. Public health practitioners should be prepared for sudden population displacement by targeting the most important public health problems identified in earlier emergencies that cause considerable mortality. Response preparedness should be an integral component of existing health programs in developing countries. A health information system (HIS), diarrheal disease control, immunization, basic curative care, endemic disease control and epidemic preparedness, and maternal and child health care should be the first programs to be established after an emergency. This report provides detailed program-specific recommendations for rapid health assessment, HIS, nutrition, control of vaccine-preventable diseases, control of diarrheal diseases, malaria control, tuberculosis control, and epidemic investigations. For rapid health assessment, for instance, it has a checklist addressing preparation, field assessment, health information, nutritional status, mortality, morbidity, environmental conditions, and resources available. It provides a sample weekly surveillance reporting form.
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PMID:Famine-affected, refugee, and displaced populations: recommendations for public health issues. 132 13

This manuscript describes the design of new vaccines based on synthetic peptides. To this end, we first analyze the structural basis of antigenic reactivity and specificity and the various types of epitopes that form the mosaics of macromolecular antigens, as well as the regulatory mechanisms involved in immune recognition. A distinction is made between sequential or continuous epitopes, and discontinuous or conformational ones, which are the majority of epitopes in globular proteins. In this context it is of particular interest to identify epitopes reacting with B cells and T cells, respectively, or with cytotoxic T cells, in association with the major histocompatibility cell-surface antigens, and the role of these interactions in protective immunity. Identification of such epitopes in proteins of viral, bacterial, or parasitic organisms led to the synthesis of peptides, which when used in conjunction with appropriate carriers and/or adjuvants induced neutralizing antibodies. Particular examples are described, including: bacterial epitopes and mainly those of toxins of diphtheria, cholera, and shigella, leading not only to neutralizing antibodies but also to protective immunity against the deleterious effects of the respective toxins; parasite epitopes, such as those leading to anti-malaria vaccine, based on either the sporozoite or the merozoite stage antigens; viral epitopes leading to protective immunity, with special emphasis on influenza virus where induction of CTL is crucial; and finally, synthetic peptide vaccines against HIV, which should lead to broad specificity protective immunity while avoiding the risks of a vaccine based on the infectious agent. The rapid recent progress in this field, as described in this review, increases the prospect of constructing successful synthetic peptide vaccines in the not too distant future.
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PMID:Structural basis of antigenic specificity and design of new vaccines. 138 42

This paper is a review of the interactions between agriculture and vector borne diseases. Rain forest clearing makes possible the development of heliophilous species of anophelines and snails leading to an increase of malaria and schistosomiasis in Africa. But in Asia, clearing is a control method against Anopheles balabacensis, an important malaria vector. Clearing of forest galleries is followed by the disappearance of shore-dwelling tsetse flies. Woodcutters and pioneer farmers are contaminated with arbovirus and leishmaniasis when entering in natural sylvatic foci of these diseases. Management of drinking water reduces guinea worm as well as cholera and other diarrhoeal diseases. More over when piped water becomes available people are no more obliged to store drinking water in containers where vectors use to breed. Reservoirs of dams offer large possibilities for the development of mosquitoes including anophelines vectors of malaria and filariasis and of snails hosts of schistosomiasis. The medical importance of these man-made breeding sites depends of the local epidemiological features of the diseases. Dam spillways provide breeding for blackflies and man-made foci of onchocerciasis have been described in West Africa. Irrigation channels mainly when non cleared of vegetation are good breeding places for anophelines and snails. Irrigated surfaces like rice fields are highly productive in anophelines and other dangerous species of Culicinae. Insecticides used in agriculture, mainly to control cotton and rice pests, have been at the origin of insecticide resistance of several anopheline species. On an other hand, sometimes rice pests control lead to the control of rice field mosquitoes until they become resistant, e.g. for Culex tritaeniorhynchus the vector of Japanese encephalitis in South Korea. Many international organizations have emphasized the role of intersectorial collaboration to control man-made vector borne diseases foci. Good planning of the infrastructures (e.g. twin spillways) and adequate maintenance are essential. Vector control in rice field is a puzzling question. Wet irrigation was a hope but it cannot be done everywhere. Biological control methods have not been proven to be very efficient. Even Bacillus thuringiensis H14 and B. sphaericus have severe limitation. New tools for intersectorial activities should be a goal for scientists imagination.
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PMID:[Agriculture-health interface in the field of epidemiology of vector-borne diseases and the control of vectors]. 220 69

This overview of health programs and conditions in India reveals that health is related to economic development antipoverty measures, food production and distribution, drinking water supply, sanitation, housing, environmental protection, and education. There are urgent requirements for effective intersectorial coordination. Unprecedented growth of 1 million a year has resulted in slums and shanties--a place of epidemics; urbanization has contributed to environmental pollution impacting on health, and water pollution to water-born diseases. Health services are still insufficient to meet the needs. Sanitation practices contribute to cholera, dysentery, diarrhea, enteric fevers, and malaria. Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy must be active in preventive and health care. Accomplishments include in 1987/8 a decline in leprosy cases attributed to the existence of leprosy control units. 40 AIDS Surveillance Units are actively treating and screening. The Naval Goitre Control Programme's goal is replacement of iodized salt for edible salt by 1992, thereby reducing mental retardation and low birth weight babies. The Family Welfare Programme, targets a New Production Rate of Unity before 2000. A National Technology Mission on immunization and the Universal Immunization Programme plans to be operational in all districts by 1990. Oral rehydration therapy programs dispense free packets to fill the needs of 1 million children under 5 who suffer from diarrhea 3 times a year with 3 million facing death. The Primary Health Care Programme provides iron and folic acid to women with nutritional anemia and Vitamin A to children. Health service developments have been increased.
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PMID:Status of health in India and its future prospects. 226 69

In Germany, the last period of the Second World War and the following years were characterized by deficiencies of hygiene which had not occurred previously in Middle Europe during the 20th century. There were focuses of typhus, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and meningitis. Insufficiencies in the removal of faeces caused high incidences of shigellosis, hepatitis A, and ascariasis. As a result of insufficient body care, many people were infested with fleas, lice and scabies. The migration of large proportions of the population resulted in an increasing prevalence of syphilis an gonorrhea. As the population resettled, the first steps towards reorganization of public health could be done. The spread of typhoid fever was controlled by drinking-water disinfection with chlorine, repair of sewage systems, and patient isolation. The application of DDT helped to reduce scabies and pediculosis, resulting in decreasing typhus risks. During the first two decades after the war, there was a steady decrease of the incidence of infectious diseases. The reconstruction of the towns resulted in improved housing conditions and a decreasing number of persons per housing area, reducing the intensity of physical contacts of the inhabitants with each other. The nutrition and clothing situation of the population improved, which, in addition to a general rise of the standards of hygiene, brought about an increase of the individual resistance to infection. A further reduction of sporadic and epidemic outbreaks of infectious diseases was achieved by the introduction of chemotherapy and antibiotics. Increasing prosperity was accompanied by new problems of hygiene. Infectious diseases almost eradicated in West Germany, were imported by air travellers. Ten imported cases of smallpox were reported between 1957 and 1972, eight of which originated from Southeast Asia. Malaria, imported by German and foreign soldiers, had not been uncommon after the end of the war but had been easy to control by insecticides and antimalarials. As tourism expanded, a new wave of imported malaria cases was reported. In West Germany there is, however, no more spread of the disease under present conditions, cholera caused similar problems. The 1961 cholera epidemic started in Southeast Asia and caused minor outbreaks in Mediterranean countries like Italy and Spain. A significant spread of the disease throughout Europe was prevented by generally high standards of drinking water and sewage treatment. Sporadic cases of typhoid fever were imported from countries with low standards of hygiene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The success of hygiene in the last 40 years]. 250 Jul 98

During the past eight decades, a large number of studies have examined the possible relationship between blood type and infection. Many publications reflect uncritical attempts to mathematically link unstratified or random data. The interaction of pathogen and erythrocyte membrane may reflect antigenic similarity, adhesion through specific receptors, or modulation of antibody response. Anthropological surveys suggest that the geographic and racial distribution of human blood groups reflects susceptibility of populations with specific blood types to the plague, cholera, smallpox, malaria and other infectious diseases.
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PMID:Relationship between infectious diseases and human blood type. 250 33


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