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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Burkitt's lymphoma occurs mainly in parts of tropical Africa and has attracted the attention of experimental workers due to its epidemiological and clinical features, which indicate a viral etiology and a host immune response to the tumor. As a result of virological studies, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA has been demonstrated in almost all tested biopsies of African BL. This contrasts to the absence of EBV in all, or almost all, of the non-African Burkitt's lymphoma-like tumors, even though the number of tested tumors in this group is small, and to the lack of EBV in all other types of lymphoma or leukemia. Immunological studies have revealed the presence of antibodies to different EBV-associated antigens in all African patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. However the antibodies are not specific for Burkitt's lymphoma but are found in most adults all over the world, although at lower levels. They cannot therefore serve diagnostic purposes, but they can give prognostic information and occasionally give clues to the mechanisms behind late tumor recurrences, and possibly guide so-called immunotherapy. Burkitt's lymphoma patients contrast to appropriate control groups where some of the persons are anti-EBV seronegative, and this, together with the presence of EBV in Burkitt's lymphoma biopsies and the absence of EBV in other lymphomas, even though the cell type involved may be infectable by EBV in vitro and the tumor may arise in an EBV-carrying person, favors an etiological role in EBV in Burkitt's lymphoma and speaks against the "passenger" hypothesis, according to which EBV is picked up by the Burkitt's lymphoma cell which happens to be particularly suitable for EBV persistence. To explain the geographical distribution, a cofactor, such as certain forms of malaria, has been implied.
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PMID:Burkitt's lymphoma - a human tumor model system for immunological studies. 17 35

Infections with both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and malaria have been implicated as causal factors in the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). Proposed trials of preventive measures for both infections are receiving serious consideration as possible means of establishing a causal relationship with BL. In this paper we examine certain models for the interaction of EBV and malaria in the induction of BL, and also review the aims of the longitudinal, population-based study being conducted in the West Nile District of Uganda. Given existing knowledge, the outcome of preventive trials, even for the most simple interaction models, is unpredictable and, under certain circumstances, trials of an EBV vaccine could actually increase the incidence of BL. It is suggested that trials of an EBV vaccine at this time would be premature and should be delayed at least until the results from the West Nile prospective study are clear.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus-malaria interaction models for Burkitt's lymphoma: implications for preventive trials. 17 23

The prospective study carried out by the International Agency for Research on Cancer on the relationships between E.B.V. infection and Burkitt's Lymphoma development as well as their partial malaria chemoprophylaxy proposals, are discussed as an example of studying the role of a virus and of co-factors in one human cancer.
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PMID:[Prospective epidemiologic studies and the nature of the association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Burkitt's lymphoma (BL)]. 18 Nov 58

Malaria, especially forest malaria, is the environmental factor which creates endemic conditions for the Esptein-Barr virus related Burkitt's lymphoma. The Plasmodium seems active through a mitogenic factor rather than through the so often invoked immunological depresssion.
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PMID:[Relations between malaria and Burkitt's lymphoma]. 20 88

The genesis of Burkitt's lymphoma is visualized as proceeding in three steps: I. Primary EBV infection affects the young child, probably at a relatively high multiplicity. It immortalizes a certain number of B-lymphocytes in vivo. II. This is followed by the impact of an environmental promoting agent, perhaps chronic holoendemic malaria, providing a chronic stimulus to the proliferation of the EBV-carrying preneoplastic cells. III. Chromosomally abnormal variants appear in the stimulated tissue by chance. After certain types of changes, particularly the 8 to 14 translocation that leads to the 14q+ marker, the affected B lymphocyte would no longer obey the negative feedback controls that would otherwise restrict its proliferation in vivo.
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PMID:Cancer, viruses and environmental factors. 23 49

Epidemiology of tropical Burkitt's lymphoma shows the concomitant existence of the three following characteristics in endemic areas: - fairly dense rural population with a low standard of living; - early occurrence of primary infection by the Epstein-Barr virus (whose genome is always present in all tumour cells); - stable malaria. The social and economic level of these areas accounts for the specific features of the viral infection. Climatic factors determine permanent of prolonged transmission of malaria which could be mediated through a mitogen. Eradication of malaria could be a useful way to induce a fall in Burkitt's lymphoma incidence.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of Burkitt's lymphoma in tropical areas - its relationship with malaria (author's transl)]. 34 30

Data are presented to support a relationship between malaria infection and Burkitt's lymphoma in African children. IgG, IgM and IgA levels were measured in sera from Burkitt's lymphoma patients and from sex- and age-matched, nearest-neighbour controls. All three classes of immunoglobulins were present in significantly lower amounts in the sera from Burkitt's lymphoma patients than in the sera from controls. The mechanism of this apparent B-cell suppression is not yet clear. Malaria-specific IgG and IgM antibody titres were determined in the indirect immunofluorescence test. No significant difference in the IgG malaria-specific antibodies was detected between the two groups of sera. Malaria antibody levels measured using IgM specific conjugates were significantly lower in the sera from Burkitt's lymphoma patients in reactions with Plasmodium falciparum antigen. No significant difference was observed when P. malariae was used. Confirmation of this finding would serve as a positive link between Burkitt's lymphoma and P. falciparum infection.
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PMID:Serum immunoglobulin levels and malaria antibodies in Burkitt's lymphoma. 37 87

Epidemiological data are summarized from 236 cases of Burkitt's lymphoma (greater than 90% cytologically or histologically confirmed) seen from 1970 through 1975 at Korle Bu Hospital, Accra, Ghana. The rate of referral from rural areas was greater than that from urban areas, despite a probable bias toward referral from urban areas. The distribution of cases in Ghana appeared to be non-random but we attribute this to variable access to medical care and physician interest. Rainfall did not appear to be an important factor. Seasonal variation and time-space clustering were not observed. The incidence here seems lower than that reported in East Africa. We found no evidence of an environmental influence with a short incubation period, as has been postulated for this disease in East Africa. The higher risk among rural patients is consistent with severe malaria being a factor in the etiology of Burkitt's lymphoma.
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PMID:Burkitt's lymphoma in Ghana: urban-rural distribution, time-space clustering and seasonality. 43 17

Among the Melanesian population of Papua New Guinea, cancer of the oral cavity associated with betel nut chewing is the most commonly reported. Liver cancer is also common and is closely associated with chronic hepatitis-B infection. Burkitt's lymphoma occurs along coastal areas with a high rainfall and intense malaria transmission. The descriptive epidemiology of other cancers in Papua New Guinea is also discussed.
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PMID:Cancer in Papua New Guinea. 53 33

During the period 1962-73 twenty-nine cases of Burkitt's lymphoma were seen and examined histologically in Khartoum, Sudan. Burkitt's lymphoma formed 20% of the cases of childhood lymphomas. The average age at presentation was 6.8 years and the male to female ratio was 3.8:1. The clinical features, the anatomical localization and histological appearances were similar to those reported in the literature. The geographical distribution of the tumour showed close correlation to that of holo- or hyperendemic malaria.
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PMID:Burkitt's lymphoma in the Sudan. 82 16


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