Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Free radicals, intermediates in the tissue damage caused by radiation, are formed, inter alia, in interactions catalyzed by iron, which synergizes with radiation and some cytostatics (anthracyclins) in causing cell damage. Conversely, iron chelators can counteract cell damage. Similarly, antioxidants can slow atherogenesis, caused in part by oxidative stress and free radicals. Cell damage is also prevented by physiological defense systems like superoxide dismutase, against endogenous free radicals formed by granulocytes, monocytes, etc. Iron can thus induce free radicals which cause DNA double strand breaks and oncogene activation. This is suggested by four epidemiological studies suggesting a higher cancer risk in patients with larger iron stores than in those with small iron stores. In addition to its effect on carcinogenesis, iron can also maintain the growth of malignant cells as well as growth of pathogens. Breast cancer cells, for instance, display 5-15 times more transferrin receptors than normal breast tissue. Iron-carrying transferrin is in fact a growth factor. Hyposideremia in patients with cancer or infection is not a paraphenomenon but a functioning defense mechanism ('nutritional immunity'). If this immunity is broken by iron administration, relapses of diseases like tuberculosis, brucellosis, and malaria have been described. While iron-deficiency anemia should of course be diagnosed, treated and if possible prevented, there are good reasons to avoid over-utilization of medicamental iron.
 ...
PMID:Iron, free radicals and cancer. 182 Apr 88

A study was undertaken to determine the knowledge and attitude about breastfeeding amongst auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs) working in rural Delhi. It was found that all respondents had correct knowledge about age of initiating breastfeeding, feeding of colostrum and superiority of breast milk over commercial milk preparations. About 76% responded that top milk given after 4 months of age should be diluted. A majority of workers mentioned that consumption of dry fruits, high quantity of milk and ghee increases the quantity of breast milk secretion. The percentage of ANMs who thought that breast-feeding should be discontinued if mother is suffering from an illness were: breast cancer (68%), tuberculosis (56%), malaria (50%) and diarrhea (36%). There is need for continuing education of peripheral health functionaries for updating their knowledge.
 ...
PMID:Knowledge attitude towards breast-feeding amongst auxiliary nurse midwives in rural Delhi. 263 Apr 42

A study was conducted to determine the knowledge and attitude about breast feeding (BF) amongst child development project officers (CDPOs) working in Integrated Child Development Services Scheme. A semi structured pretested questionnaire was administered. It was found that majority of respondent had correct knowledge about feeding of colostrum, age of initiation of breast feeding and introduction of semi-solid foods. Majority of CDPOs had the knowledge that consumption of dry fruits, milk and desi ghee would increase that breast milk secretion. The percentage of subjects who were aware that BF should be discontinued if mother is suffering from illness like breast cancer (48%) tuberculosis (57%), malaria (67%) and Diarrhoea (84%). There is need of continuing education of CDPOs for updating their knowledge.
 ...
PMID:Knowledge and attitude among child development project officers towards breast feeding. 263 80

Immobilized metal-ion affinity partitioning (IMAP) is shown to be useful as a preliminary screening test and for the separation of different cell populations based upon recognition of the differences in the proteins on cell surfaces. The feasibility of using IMAP to segregate a spectrum of normal human cells (red blood cells, lymphocytes and fibroblasts) from their counterpart pathological cells has been demonstrated. A clear segregation between normal and sickle-cell anemia red blood cells (RBC), or malaria (Plasmodium vivax) infected RBCs was obtained. Further, the partition differences were found to depend on the nature and the concentrations of metal used. Cells from breast cancer and those from the lung adenocarcinoma showed differences in their partition pattern as compared to normal fibroblasts when PEG-IDA-M(II) was added to the phase system. Maximum differences between the three cell populations were observed in the presence of 10% PEG-IDA-Ni(II). Normal lymphocytes and Burkitt's lymphoma cells (Raji and Namalwa cell lines) were shown to partition differently in the presence of PEG-IDA-M(II) in the phase system. Normal lymphocytes could be distinguished from the Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines in all three phases (top, interface and bottom), in the presence of 10% PEG-IDA-Ni(II) in the system. These differences in the partition behavior could mainly be attributed to the density, surface exposure and micro-environment of histidine residues of cell membrane-associated proteins. These data, along with those obtained for normal and pathological human cells show that IMAP could be a simple and versatile tool for the segregation and study of cells.
 ...
PMID:Segregation of normal and pathological human red blood cells, lymphocytes and fibroblasts by immobilized metal-ion affinity partitioning. 759 55

We review the potential impact of DDT on public health in Mexico. DDT production and consumption patterns in Mexico during the last 20 years are described and compared with those in the United States. In spite of the restrictions on DDT use in antimalaria campaigns in Mexico, use of DDT is still higher than in other Latin American countries. We analyzed information from published studies to determine accumulated levels of this insecticide in blood, adipose tissue, and breast milk samples from Mexican women. Current lipid-adjusted DDE levels from women living in Mexico City are 6.66 ppb in mammary adipose tissue and 0.594 ppm in total breast milk. Finally, the methodological limitations of existing epidemiological studies on DDT exposure and breast cancer are discussed. We conclude that DDT use in Mexico is a public health problem, and suggest two solutions: identification of alternatives for the control of malaria and educational intervention to reduce DDT exposure. We also recommend strengthening epidemiological studies to evaluate the association between accumulated DDT levels in adipose tissue and breast cancer incidence among Mexican women.
 ...
PMID:Is DDT use a public health problem in Mexico? 907 64

Some, but not all, epidemiological studies have suggested that dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) may play a role in the development of breast cancer. These investigations have been conducted in countries where this substance has been banned for at least 20 years. We conducted a study in Mexico, a country in which DDT is still being used to control malaria. In a hospital-based case-control study, we compared 141 histologically confirmed cases of breast cancer with 141 age-matched controls (+/-3 years). All subjects were identified at three referral hospitals of Mexico City between March 1994 and April 1996. Reproductive histories and other variables were obtained by structured interviews, DDT/DDE levels were determined in serum by gas-liquid chromatography. The arithmetic mean of serum DDE in lipid basis was 562.48 +/- 676.18 ppb (range, 10.24-4661.44) for the cases and 505.46 +/- 567.22 ppb (range, 0.004 to 4361.75) for the controls, but this difference was not statistically significant. The age-adjusted odds ratios for breast cancer regarding the serum level of DDE were 0.69 (95% confidence interval, 0.38-1.24) and 0.97 (confidence interval, 0.55-1.70) for the contrasts between tertile 1 (lowest level) and tertiles 2 and 3, respectively. These estimates were unaffected by adjustment for body mass, accumulated time of breast-feeding and menopause, and other breast cancer risk factors. These results do not lend support to the hypothesis that DDT is causally related to breast cancer at the body-burden levels found in our study population but do not exclude the possibility that higher levels of exposure could still play a role in the etiology of this tumor.
 ...
PMID:Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane serum levels and breast cancer risk: a case-control study from Mexico. 928 80

Indoor residual spraying with DDT was the principle method by which malaria transmission was eradicated or greatly reduced in many countries between the late 1940s and 1970s. Since then, decreasing use of DDT has been associated with a resurgence of malaria in India, Sri Lanka, former Soviet Central Asia, Zanzibar, Venezuela and several other Latin American countries. In India and Zanzibar, DDT resistance in vectors, as well as a decline in spray coverage, are probable causes of reduced effectiveness of DDT in recent decades. In southern Europe, eradication of malaria transmission was achieved by DDT spraying in the 1940s and 50s and eradication has been sustained by adequate treatment of imported human malaria cases. In the highlands of Madagascar and South Africa, recent reversion to DDT spraying has been successful in stemming resurgences of malaria. Continued use of DDT for vector control, but not for agriculture, is approved by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. DDE residues in breast milk have been associated with DDT anti-malaria spraying in South Africa, but it is not known whether this is harmful. A claimed association of DDE residues with breast cancer have not been substantiated. There is a recent report of association of DDE residues with probability of premature birth; the possible relevance of this to anti-malarial use of DDT should be investigated. In Colombia, testing of the DDT stockpile for suspensibility, DDT resistance in Anopheles darlingi and investigation of the present affordability of widespread spraying with DDT, compared with alternative chemicals, are recommended.
 ...
PMID:Should the use of DDT be revived for malaria vector control? 1259 42

The last decade has witnessed an effervescence of research interest in the development of potent inhibitors of various aspartic peptidases. As an enzyme family, aspartic peptidases are relatively a small group that has received enormous interest because of their significant roles in human diseases like involvement of renin in hypertension, cathepsin D in metastasis of breast cancer, beta-Secretase in Alzheimer's Disease, plasmepsins in malaria, HIV-1 peptidase in acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and secreted aspartic peptidases in candidal infections. There have been developments on clinically active inhibitors of HIV-1 peptidase, which have been licensed for the treatment of AIDS. The inhibitors of plasmepsins and renin are considered a viable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of malaria and hypertension. Relatively few inhibitors of cathepsin D have been reported, partly because of its uncertain role as a viable target for therapeutic intervention. The beta-secretase inhibitors OM99-2 and OM003 were designed based on the substrate specificity information. The present article is a comprehensive state-of-the-art review describing the aspartic peptidase inhibitors illustrating the recent developments in the area. In addition, the homologies between the reported inhibitor sequences have been analyzed. The understanding of the structure-function relationships of aspartic peptidases and inhibitors will have a direct impact on the design of new inhibitor drugs.
 ...
PMID:Aspartic peptidase inhibitors: implications in drug development. 1274 95

Tamoxifen and toremifene are antiestrogenic drugs successfully used in the therapy of breast cancer. Rheumatoid arthritis and malaria have been treated with chloroquine for decades. Unfortunately, tamoxifen and chloroquine are reported to induce retinal changes as a side effect. We now studied the effects of tamoxifen, toremifene, and chloroquine on the viability of the human retinoblastomal cell line Y79, using the WST-1 test or measurement of the cellular ATP content. The studies were made on Y79 cell cultures and on cocultures of Y79 cells and retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19. The cocultures were used to clarify the effect of retinal pigment epithelium on toxicity to Y79 cells. In the coculture, the drugs were applied to ARPE-19 cells growing in the culture inserts on top of Y79 cells and the viability of ARPE-19 and Y79 cells was assessed separately. Tamoxifen, toremifene, and chloroquine reduced dose-dependently the viability of Y79 cells after 24-h exposure. The ARPE-19 cells proved to be protective after chloroquine exposure in the coculture. The results shed light on the toxicity of tamoxifen and chloroquine in Y79 cells in vitro. With the coculture we were able to simulate the in vivo route of chloroquine to the retina via the retinal pigment epithelium.
 ...
PMID:Toxicity of selected cationic drugs in retinoblastomal cultures and in cocultures of retinoblastomal and retinal pigment epithelial cell lines. 1499 90

QS-21A is one of the most promising new adjuvants for immune response potentiation and dose-sparing in vaccine therapy, given its exceedingly high level of potency and its favorable toxicity profile. Melanoma, breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, HIV-1, and malaria are among the numerous maladies targeted in more than 80 recent and ongoing clinical trials involving QS-21A as a critical component for immune response augmentation in microgram doses. Herein is reported the first synthesis and structure verification of QS-21Aapi, applying novel glycosylation methodologies in the convergent modular construction of this rare and potent natural product immunostimulant.
 ...
PMID:Synthesis of the potent immunostimulatory adjuvant QS-21A. 1575 24


1 2 3 4 5 Next >>