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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mood and behavior disorder may appear either due to primary psychiatric disorder or may signify an underlying, frequently undetected, physical pathology. Two instances of malaria falciparum presenting with psychosocial symptomatology are described.
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PMID:Two cases of malaria presenting with psychiatric symptoms. 78 82

The results of medical examinations carried out on 212 missionary personnel from one missionary society returning on leave to the UK are presented. The great majority of missionaries worked in developing countries. They served in 27 countries altogether and for a total of 488 person years. The commonest illnesses reported overseas were malaria (87.3 per 1000 person years at risk), diarrhoea (63.5), anxiety (63.5), depression (41.0) and giardiasis (38.9). More illnesses were reported from West Africa (698 per 1000 person years at risk) than from any other region. Ten people (4.7%) were repatriated for health reasons and 10 relatives also returned as a consequence. Sixty per cent of those returning did so because of psychiatric illness. The highest rates of immunization achieved were for yellow fever (100% of those travelling to affected countries), tetanus (93%), polio (85%), typhoid (71%) and tuberculosis (53%). The results of urinalysis (100% of adults), full blood counts (78% of adults) and stool tests (74% of all people) are reported. The study shows that the history and psychiatric examination are an important part of the medical examination of people returning from overseas. Physical examination and urinalysis did not contribute much information, although the full blood count and absolute eosinophil count were useful tests.
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PMID:A survey of the health of British missionaries. 185 37

The low-intensity war against Nicaragua from 1983 to 1987 has had a wide reaching impact on health, health services, and health economics in that country. Beyond the death of individuals and destruction of facilities, economic embargo and contra destruction have cost the health system about 200 billion cordobas between 1981 and 1987. This is approximately equal to the value of 2 years of the entire health budget. The war has resulted in decreased accessibility and availability of services, leaving about 10% of the population without access to modern health facilities. Perhaps 10% of the demand for acute care services is generated by the war, which has resulted in a reorganization of surgical and medical services. Long term care needs for psychiatric illness and rehabilitation services are far more extensive. Population movements and resettlement, where preventive care has been unavailable, are associated with epidemics of malaria, diarrheal diseases, measles, leishmaniasis, meningitis, and tuberculosis. Health services remain a high priority of the government as health care is viewed as a way to reduce the untoward effects of the war on the general population. Nonetheless, the indirect effects of the war have been detrimental to the system. Negative effect include the loss to the system of health professionals and rampant inflation. These forces contribute to the weakening of primary health programs and the reorientation of the national system into hospital based, curative medical services.
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PMID:War-related changes in health and health services in Nicaragua. 265 23

Substantial interactions between tropical diseases and psychiatric illness have long been recognized, but the impact of biological factors in the field of cross-cultural psychiatry has been less well studied than psychosocial factors. In reviewing the literature at the intersection of tropical medicine and psychiatry in order to summarize the existing data base in this field, a generalized interactive model informed by the theoretical contributions of George Engel, the WHO Scientific Working Group on Social and Economic Research, Arthur Kleinman, P. M. Yap, Edward Sapir and others has been developed to serve as a conceptual framework for this analysis of the literature and to guide further research. The clinical literature of tropical medicine and psychiatry which recognizes the significance of concurrent tropical disease and mental disorders is reviewed along with the more specific literature on malaria and concomitant psychiatric illness. Many authors have focused on the role of organic mental disorders, especially in connection with cerebral malaria, but several have also addressed psychosocial parameters through which the interrelationship between malaria and a full range of mental disorders is also mediated. The effects of malaria may serve as biological, psychological or social stressors operating in a cultural context which precipitate or shape features of psychiatric symptomatology. Psychiatric illness may likewise precipitate an episode of malaria with typical symptoms in a patient with a previously subclinical infection. Implications of the literature and this generalized interactive model are considered as they apply to clinical practice, public health and the application of social science theory in medicine.
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PMID:The interrelationship of tropical disease and mental disorder: conceptual framework and literature review (Part I--Malaria). 401 18

The neurological complications of malaria--an almost universal problem although it occurs mainly in the tropics--constitute the commonest cause of death and morbidity. These complications usually occur in P. falciparum infections and in those who are non-immune, such as children, pregnant women and visitors to areas endemic for malaria. They are rare in children suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition. Febrile convulsions, the commonest childhood emergency in the African and cerebral malaria are the commonest neurological complications. Spinal cord disorders and polyneuropathy have been described but are rare. It has been suggested that various forms of mental illness and psychoses may be related to malarial infections, but much research is needed to establish cause and effect relationship. The neuropathology and pathogenesis, clinical presentations, treatment and mortality of the neurological complications are reviewed.
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PMID:Malaria and the nervous system. 632 50

Cerebral malaria with psychosomatic manifestations is one aspect of malaria which may be mistaken for mental illness. However, the psychosomatic aspects of the disease also relate to the biological, psychological and social influences which may determine changes in disease incidence and distribution. The history of the Global Malaria Eradication Campaign and the resurgence of malaria in many countries of the world have influenced attitudes and the professional milieu in which present day malaria control programmes seek to operate. The individual in a malarious area may obstruct malaria control operations by refusing to allow indoor spraying or to take prophylactic medication. Cultural beliefs often described the history of malaria in a community and the way in which the community had come to terms with this disease. Socio-economic development and population movement may disturb this equilibrium and result in a rise in malaria incidence. Behavioural habits may increase malaria risk and the degree to which the community is prepared to become involved in malaria control may influence its experience with the disease.
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PMID:Psychosomatics of malaria. 693 66

During the past 20 years, millions of people have died in Cambodia as the result of violence, starvation, and preventable diseases. During this period, the public health system was also decimated as health professionals were killed. Efforts to provide health care were further stymied by inadequate training and low salaries that forced doctors to depend upon private practices in urban areas for their income. The health indicators in Cambodia reflect this situation, with life expectancy at 47 years for men and 49 for women, infant mortality at 120/1000 live births, child mortality at 190/1000, and maternal mortality at 9/1000 births. Malaria causes 5000-10,000 deaths each year, and the annual incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis is 250/100,000. The spread of HIV in South East Asia is also posing a major threat to Cambodia, and each month 300-400 people are injured or die as a result of the explosion of 1 of the 13 million land mines (scattered throughout the country of 9 million inhabitants). Many Cambodians suffer mental illness as a result of the decades of violence and displacement. Today Cambodians are struggling to reestablish their public health system with the help of international donor agencies, and there is hope that an appropriate and sustainable system will be in place within 10 years.
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PMID:Cambodian health in transition. 764 May 94

Infections with malaria are increasing in Europe and Northern America and are also spreading in tropical endemic areas. A falciparum variety of malaria known as cerebral malaria is the most well-known neurological complication, caused by Plasmodium falciparum and characterised by a fulminant course with disturbances of consciousness and facultative seizures or focal neurological deficits. 50% of deaths caused by malaria are due to cerebral involvement. Pathologically a disseminated vasculomyelinopathic disorder is seen. Immunological changes, vascular-hypoxic disturbances and metabolic-toxic factors contribute to these pathological findings. Facts on diagnostic, differential diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are presented. Beside the severe and life-threatening cerebral malaria some unspecific cerebral symptoms are seen, such as cerebellar ataxia and chorea. Spinal disease and peripheral nerve involvement, polyradiculitis and especially psychiatric disorders have also been described. Every neurological and psychiatric disorder presented first in tropical areas or malaria-endemic regions requires malaria diagnostic tests. In our geographical region, any previous history of a journey to the tropics is an important pointer; in particular, neurological or psychiatric symptoms can be important pointers to malaria.
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PMID:[Neurologic complications of malaria infection]. 844 77

Brain imaging has made surprisingly remarkable progress since the early, and now historic days, of invasive radiology, which has now been replaced with a number of spectacularly precise techniques: structural (CT Scan, MRI) and functional (PET, SPECT) imaging, direct imaging during neurosurgery, EEG and its computer-assisted derivatives, and transcerebral ultrasonography. We present five cases with two alleged autisms, a cerebral malaria, a panic disorder and to Parkinson disease with a depressive component. Using modern imaging methods the following respective diagnoses were arrived at: a left temporal cyst, a Sanfilippo mucopolysaccharidosis, a septum lucidum agenesis, a right temporal cyst, and a pituitary adenoma. These cases illustrate the scientific, emotional and philosophical impact, on physicians, and patients alike, of modern imaging technology. Neuroradiology, biochemistry and surgical imaging require a multi disciplinary approach and a perfect knowledge of psychiatric semeiology. In addition, they stimulate us to carefully reassess our sociocultural understanding to mental illness.
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PMID:[Clinical imaging in psychiatry]. 863 90

This study investigated the long-term emotional and cognitive effects of malaria infection in a sample of community resident nonmigratory Ghanaian adults, comparing 142 individuals with a documented history of clinical falciparum malaria and 30 controls without a lifetime medical diagnosis of malaria. Results were based on self-report inventory and interview-based approaches to assessment of emotional status as well as individual administration of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Our findings indicated the presence of an enduring, albeit subclinical, mixed anxiety-depression syndrome after medical recovery from falciparum malaria. There were, however, no significant neurocognitive deficits associated with malaria status on the objective screening instrument, nor were there reports of subjective attention, concentration, memory, or other cognitive complaints by self-report. Malaria may be a risk factor for psychiatric morbidity. We therefore recommend a search for effective malaria prevention and intervention strategies to avert the more serious clinical manifestations of mental disorder likely to evolve in this imminently lethal infectious disease.
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PMID:Delayed neuropsychiatric effects of malaria in Ghana. 952 54


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