Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 32-year-old woman in the 26th week of pregnancy became ill, 6 days after returning from a trip to Indonesia, with a fever up to 42 degrees C, haemolytic anaemia (haemoglobin 7.6 g/dl) and thrombocytopenia (7,000/microliters). She had not been on any malaria prophylaxis. Chloroquine, quinine and pyrimethamine, administered after macrogametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum had been found in the blood smear, eliminated the parasites from the peripheral blood, but respiratory failure and treatment-resistant pneumonia occurred, leading to the adult respiratory distress syndrome (Morel stage 4). Because of threatened intrauterine death (resulting from premature placental separation during artificial ventilation) the child was delivered by an emergency section. Despite extensive conventional therapeutic measures the mother's respiratory state progressively deteriorated so that extracorporeal membrane CO2 elimination was instituted on the 17th day. First signs of improvement in respiratory functions were noted after six days. The extracorporeal CO2 elimination was discontinued after twelve days, because artificial ventilation could now be adequately controlled. The woman was gradually weaned from the ventilator and discharged home without symptoms after a total of 11 weeks in hospital. Her child has not shown any neurological symptoms.
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PMID:[Acute respiratory failure in tropical malaria during pregnancy. Successful treatment using extracorporeal CO2 elimination]. 818 19

Band 3 is the most abundant integral protein of the red blood cell membrane. It performs two critical biological functions: maintaining ionic homeostasis, by transporting Cl- and HCO3-ions, and providing mechanical stability to the erythroid membrane. Erythroid band 3 (AE1) is one of three anion exchangers that are encoded by separate genes. The AE1 gene is transcribed by two promoters: the upstream promoter produces erythroid band 3, whereas the downstream promoter initiates transcription of the band 3 isoform in kidney. To assess the biological consequences of band 3 deficiency, we have selectively inactivated erythroid but not kidney band 3 by gene targeting in mice. Although no death in utero occurred, the majority of homozygous mice die within two weeks after birth. The erythroid band 3 null mice show retarded growth, spherocytic red blood cell morphology and severe haemolytic anaemia. Remarkably, the band 3-/- red blood cells assembled normal membrane skeleton thus challenging the notion that the presence of band 3 is required for the stable biogenesis of membrane skeleton. The availability of band 3-/- mice offers a unique opportunity to investigate the role of erythroid band 3 in the regulation of membrane-skeletal interactions, anion transport and the invasion and growth of malaria parasite into red blood cells.
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PMID:Targeted disruption of the murine erythroid band 3 gene results in spherocytosis and severe haemolytic anaemia despite a normal membrane skeleton. 884 Dec 2

B cell deficient animals obtained by various strategies of gene targeting were used to study the B cell development and examine the role of different immune compartments in the immune response to microbes. Study of muMT, JHD, lambda 5T and JHT models of B cell deficiency, was essential in order to understand the role of pre-B cell receptor in B cell development, allelic exclusion and variable gene rearrangement regulation. In the immune response to influenza virus, a protective role of T cells in a total absence of B cell compartment, was revealed by studying the JHD -/- model. Further, it was established that a T cell compartment is sufficient to mediate the recovery from influenza infection. Examination of immune response in muMT and JHD models of definitive B cell deficiency to various blood stage Plasmodia species, showed that whereas B cells are not required for recovery from infection with P. chabaudi adami, P. vinckei petteri and P. chabaudi chabaudi (CB), B cell compartment is important in the later stages of infection with P. chabaudi chabaudi (AS). Studies carried out in muMT model suggested a possible role for T gamma delta subpopulation in the immune response to blood stage malaria parasite. B cell deficiency models are valuable for understanding the normal and pathological immune response. Studies carried out in muMT model indicated that T cell responses are not significantly affected in the absence of B cells. These data can neither rule out a role for B cells in T cell priming, nor in triggering an effective T cell help for humoral response. Study of double homozygous mice deficient for B cells and FAS or IL-2 gene, pinpointed the role of B cells in pathogenesis of lupus-like nephritis and vasculitis from lpr mouse and in hemolytic anemia from IL-2 -/- mouse model, respectively.
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PMID:Immunoglobulin deficient mice generated by gene targeting as models for studying the immune response. 888 29

A structural study of the type I aldolases has been carried out to examine the isozyme specificity of these enzymes and the potential for designing specific inhibitors. Natural mutations in these aldolase enzymes are associated with haemolytic anaemia and fructose intolerance. It has also been proposed that inhibition of the parasitic version of the enzyme may provide a new lead in the design of drugs against malaria and sleeping sickness. X-ray crystallographic data is used with molecular modelling techniques to investigate the structural properties of these enzymes.
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PMID:Studies with type I aldolase to understand fructose intolerance and combat parasitic disease. 893 75

Resurgence of malaria has been noted in the Rohtak district (Haryana, India) after the recent floods. The profile of 66 patients of P. falciparum infection who were admitted to our hospital over one month in October 1995 is reported. While only a minority of cases (< 15%) presented with an uncomplicated course, all others developed one or more complication(s), some of them very rare. The usual manifestations viz, cerebral malaria, black water fever and algid malaria seen in the past were observed in less than half the patients. The remaining presented with unusual complications like haemolytic anaemia (46.2%), severe anaemia (37.9%), thrombocytopaenia (18.2%), pancytopaenia (6%), adult respiratory distress syndrome (4.5%) often not seen in sporadic cases of falciparum malaria which occurred in the past in this district. Similarly all deaths (15.1%) were noted in patients with rarer manifestations and only one patient died of cerebral malaria. This study confirms the occurrence of severe and complicated falciparum malaria in this part of the country.
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PMID:The changing profile of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. 902 31

Dapsone (DDS) is useful in the treatment of a number of inflammatory conditions which are characterized by neutrophil infiltration. It is the drug of choice for the treatment of leprosy and prophylaxis of malaria. Haematological side effects of methaemoglobinaemia and haemolysis have been long recognized. However, the frequency and severity of these side effects in patients already treated with DDS as a single drug or as part of a multidrug therapy (MDT) have not been well documented. We report herein an investigation of the effect of dapsone long-term treatment on the haematological and biochemical alterations in leprosy patients undergoing dapsone as a single drug (DDS group) or as part of a multidrug therapy in combination with rifampin and clofazimine (MDT group). Methaemoglobinaemia and haemolytic anaemia were the principal side effects observed. Reticulocytes were found to be elevated (> 1.5%) in 90% of the patients. Heinz bodies were also detected (6.6% of the patients). The osmotic fragility test showed a reduction in cell resistance and in the evaluation of white cells a severe eosinophilia was found. Hepatic, pancreatic and renal evaluation by the determination of biochemical parameters showed rare and occasional changes of no apparent clinical significance. We conclude that haematological side effects of dapsone are significant even at doses currently used to treat leprosy (100 mg/day) and that rifampin and clofazimine do not increase the incidence of these effects during long-term treatment.
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PMID:Haematological and biochemical alterations in leprosy patients already treated with dapsone and MDT. 937 43

Malaria remains today one of the major health problems in the tropics with increased morbidity and mortality. The most serious complications are caused by Plasmodium falciparum, which, in contrast to the benign malarias, may progress to a life-threatening multi-system disease. Our case concerns a young woman in the 14th week of pregnancy, admitted to the ICU in a coma, with pulmonary oedema, haemolytic anaemia, renal failure and thrombocytopenia as complications of P. falciparum malaria. The case is discussed and possible explanations for the clinical picture and complications of P. falciparum malaria are given in the light of experiences from the literature.
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PMID:Management of severe and complicated malaria in the intensive care unit. 1047 May 80

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase A- (G6PD A-) deficiency is a common enzymopathy in Africa that sporadically leads to manifest haemolytic anaemia. It is not exactly known how far the haematological status of individuals with either homozygous or heterozygous G6PD A- deficiency differs from that of individuals with normal G6PD activity. In a field study in Nigeria, we determined G6PD gene variants, the corresponding G6PD and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities, and basic haematological parameters in clinically healthy individuals, who were, in part, asymptomatically infected by malaria parasites. Red blood cell counts and haemoglobin levels were lower in G6PD A- deficient than in G6PD normal subjects. PK activities were higher in G6PD deficients, indicating a younger red cell population in these individuals. These findings suggest that G6PD A- deficiency is accompanied by chronic subclinical haemolysis. As a consequence, the reduced life span of red cells leads to an impaired diagnosis of G6PD heterozygosity when applying routine biochemical methods.
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PMID:Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase status and pyruvate kinase activity in a Nigerian population. 1074 71

Severe anemia requiring blood transfusion may complicate falciparum malaria, but is rare in nonfalciparum malaria. We present a case of a young man with high fever, severe hemolytic anemia, and a blood film containing massive co-infection with Plasmodium vivax and with Borrelia. The possible importance of the co-infection on the magnitude of hemolysis will be discussed.
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PMID:Malaria and Borrelia co-infection. 1075 79

Increasing tourism and growing numbers of immigrants from malaria-endemic countries are leading to a higher importation rate of rare tropical disorders in European countries. We describe, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of connatal malaria in Austria. The patient is the first child of a 24 year old mother who was born in Ghana and immigrated to Austria one and a half years before delivery. She did not stay in an endemic region during this period and did not show fever or any other signs of malaria. The boy was healthy for the first six weeks of his life. In the 8th week of life he was admitted to our hospital due to persistent fever of unknown origin. On physical examination he showed only mild splenomegaly. Routine laboratory testing revealed mild hemolytic anemia with a hemoglobin value of 8.3 g/l. In the blood smear Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae were detected. Oral therapy with quinine hydrochloride was successful and blood smears became negative for Plasmodia within 6 days. This case shows that congenital malaria can occur in children of clinically healthy women who were born in malaria-endemic areas even one and a half year after they have immigrated to non-endemic regions.
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PMID:[Congenital malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae]. 1089 Jan 33


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