Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Erythrocyte antioxidants catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase were studied in cells harbouring different growth stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Catalase and superoxide dismutase showed significant decrease during parasite maturation indicating hampered metabolism of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions. Glutathione peroxidase also exhibited a downward trend during the growth of P. falciparum, while there was a moderate accumulation of reduced glutathione. These findings suggest decreased utilization of the reduction potential in detoxification of reactive oxygen species. The fall in all three antioxidant enzymes studied was highly significant (P less than 0.001) in erythrocytes with mature stages of the parasite (trophozoites, schizonts). The increased vulnerability of erythrocytes to damage, which parallels the growth phases of the parasite emphasizes the need for early treatment of P. falciparum malaria to minimise red cell destruction and the resulting anaemia.
 ...
PMID:Plasmodium falciparum induced perturbations of the erythrocyte antioxidant system. 139 36

One hundred and twenty-six patients with malaria (30 cases of P. vivax and 96 cases of P. falciparum) were studied for evidence of hematological coagulation and fibrinolysis abnormalities. Anemia associated with malaria was observed only in P. falciparum infections and there was no correlation between the degree of anemia and the percentage of parasitemia. Decreased hematocrit levels were found to be statistically significant in P. vivax infected patients (P greater than 0.05). Thrombocytopenia was observed in both P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria patients (P less than 0.001) and correlated with the degree of parasitemia (r = 0.974). Plasmin activity was normal in P. vivax malarial patients but it was significantly increased in patients with a P. falciparum of more than 5 per cent parasitemia. Coagulation profiles showed normal PT, aPTT, and TT in P. vivax infected patients while prolonged PT and aPTT were observed in P. falciparum infection which correlated with the degree of parasitemia (r = 0.0992). Coagulation factors V, VII, and IX were the most sensitive parameters in the expression of coagulation defects and most coagulation abnormalities were due to liver involvement. However, 2 of 20 complicated cases of P. falciparum showed evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
 ...
PMID:Hematological and coagulation studies in malaria. 140 63

The influence of socioeconomic factors on the treatment and prevention of malaria was investigated in 45 pregnant and a control group of 47 non-pregnant adolescent girls in the rural community of Imesi-Ile, Nigeria. The study consisted of focus group discussions and a house-to-house survey. During the survey, clinical and anthropometric measurements were taken of the girls and they were assisted in completing a prepared questionnaire which sought information on their methods of treatment and prevention of malaria. The results showed a higher incidence of malaria parasitaemia, anaemia and fever episodes in the group of pregnant adolescent girls. Both groups of girls use identical methods for the prevention of malaria but only a few pregnant girls as compared to non-pregnant girls receive modern hospital treatment for malaria. In particular, pregnant unmarried girls were less likely to receive antenatal care, to use the local health centres for the treatment of malaria and to adopt appropriate measures for the prevention of malaria. This trend was not due to aversion to hospital treatment since most people in the community prefer modern treatment of malaria to traditional or religious methods of treatment. The low utilization of hospital treatment by the pregnant girls was found to be due to perceived high cost of treatment at the health centres and to lack of privacy. We conclude that a malaria treatment service that utilizes modern methods and is both cheap and confidential will be preferred by pregnant adolescent girls in Imesi-Ile.
 ...
PMID:Influence of socioeconomic factors on the treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnant and non-pregnant adolescent girls in Nigeria. 140 51

Levels of platelets and other hematological values were monitored in 21 Saimiri and 12 Aotus monkeys over a period of three weeks post-infection with monkey-adapted Indochina CDC-1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. In both Saimiri sciureus boliviensis and Aotus nancymai karyotype-1 monkeys the severest thrombocytopenia was observed at 14 days post-infection coinciding with peak parasitemia, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, and anemia associated with severe hemoglobinemia and elevated fibrinogen degeneration products(FDP's). MCH and MCV profiles in Aotus monkeys decreased with ascending parasitemia. In contrast, these parameters in Saimiri were characterized by a significant compensatory increase correlating with parasitemia. In general, thrombocytopenia was one of the earliest clinical manifestations of the infection with the platelets returning to normal levels shortly after peak parasitemia at 14 days. Platelet kinetics had a strong correlation with hematologic and parasitologic values in the Aotus model. No consistent associations were observed between platelet kinetics and other parameters in the Saimiri model. These data indicate that the Aotus model for malaria is more predictable than the Saimiri. Further, platelet turnover rates and recovery provide a useful prognostic parameter during malaria infection. The results are discussed in relation to the value of the two species of monkeys as models for the pathogenesis of human malaria.
 ...
PMID:Platelet kinetics and other hematological profiles in experimental Plasmodium falciparum infection: a comparative study between Saimiri and Aotus monkeys. 142 30

A case of a very sick 2.5-year-old, Ghanese boy with fever, who fell in coma in the emergency room, is described. He was diagnosed as having blackwater fever (BWF) on clinical grounds. He also had a sickle cell anaemia. A short review of BWF is given and we discuss possible causes of the anaemia in this case. The anaemia in sickle cell anaemia is described and it appears that malaria tropica can lead to a severe hemolytic sickle cell crises. We discuss the combination of sickle cell anaemia and malaria tropica.
 ...
PMID:[Tropical malaria and sickle-cell anemia: a tropical surprise]. 144 May 54

WHO finds that the health services and the health systems in India have improved. For example, India has made considerable improvement in expansion of health services to rural areas (7-10% expansion) and to the poor. Further, allocation to the minimum needs program, according to the state sector plan, has risen from 42.6% to 50%. In addition, infant and maternal mortality rates have fallen. Improved immunization coverage, prenatal care services, diarrhea prevention, malaria control, and contraceptive use have all contributed to the reduction in infant and maternal deaths. Health and welfare programs have generally institutionalized the primary health care concept of community participation. Training for health workers, policymakers, and personnel from nongovernmental organizations has expanded. Nevertheless, life expectancy has essentially not changed. Besides, WHO notes that the disease patterns have not changed. Some regions of India have disease patterns of developed countries, however. India has the highest number of malaria cases in southeastern Asia (almost 71%) and the second highest number of women with anemia. The number of HIV-positive and AIDS cases is growing. More than 374 million people are at risk of lymphatic filariasis, and Japanese encephalitis has become entrenched in India. 5% of the population are positive for hepatitis viruses. 1% have iodine deficiency disorders.
 ...
PMID:WHO commends India. 145 31

An audit of the management of falciparum malaria was carried out over a 12 month period in a north-west Tanzanian district hospital; 1494 patients were studied, 75% being children under 5 years. Chloroquine was effective in 1128 cases (79%), 68 patients died, of whom 64 were aged under 5 years; 30 of them died fewer than 2 d after admission; 14 had received quinine chemotherapy. Management can be improved by better diagnosis of anaemia and hypoglycaemia, changing the dose of injectable chloroquine, earlier use of quinine, and enabling doctors to see very ill patients earlier.
 ...
PMID:An audit of the management of malaria in a Tanzanian district hospital. 836 81

We have examined the possible risk factors for poor prognosis in cerebral malaria in 61 Nigerian children in an area of high malaria transmission. The level of coma, decerebrate rigidity, hypoglycaemia, and high urea levels were indicators of poor prognosis. Pyrexia, vomiting, and anaemia did not influence prognosis. Post-mortem findings suggest gross cerebral oedema and raised intracranial pressure in 4 of 7 cases with petechial haemorrhages and small focal necrosis (Durck's granuloma).
 ...
PMID:Prognostic risk factors and post mortem findings in cerebral malaria in children. 147 13

In a continuous malaria therapy surveillance, using in vivo (WHO) seven-day-test, extended to 14 days follow up, we evaluated the significance of low (scanty) parasitaemia, in an area with chloroquine resistance P. falciparum (CRPF), where self-medication is widely practised. We found that 30.9 pc of the patients screened had Plasmodium species, and 71.4 pc of these had low parasite counts of less than 500 parasites/mm3, whole blood. Eight pc of these were febrile and 41.7 pc of the parasite strains were not susceptible to chloroquine. Parasite strains from four of the patients were also resistant to other antimalarials. These patients gave psychosomatic symptoms, and were seen by a psychiatrist. We conclude that 41 pc of the patients with low parasite counts consist of patients with CRPF and/or multiple-drug resistant P. falciparum in this area. These do not only cause chronic anaemia, but also may be responsible for moderate psychosomatic symptoms in all ages.
 ...
PMID:New trends in chloroquine efficacy in the treatment of malaria: significance of low (scanty) parasitaemia in an endemic area, with emerging chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. 147 81

The pathophysiology of the anaemia of falciparum malaria is both complex and multifactorial, and results in a condition which is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients, especially children and pregnant women, living in malarial endemic areas. The importance of anaemia as a cause of death in malaria may well be underestimated because of difficulty in diagnosis, especially where parasitaemia may be low and the clinical picture may be confused with other causes of anaemia. Two clinical presentations predominate: severe acute malaria in which anaemia supervenes, and severe anaemia in patients in whom there have been repeated attacks of malaria. The major mechanisms are those of red cell destruction and decreased red cell production. Potential causes of haemolysis include loss of infected cells by rupture or phagocytosis, removal of uninfected cells due to antibody sensitization or other physicochemical membrane changes, and increased reticuloendothelial activity, particularly in organs such as the spleen. Decreased production results from marrow hypoplasia seen in acute infections, and dyserythropoiesis, a morphological appearance, which in functional terms results in ineffective erythropoiesis. The role of parvovirus B19 as a possible cause of bone marrow aplasia in a few cases is postulated. Finally, there is now evidence which points to genetic factors, HLA associated, which may protect against the development of malarial anaemia and which has become common in areas endemic for malaria.
 ...
PMID:Anaemia of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. 151 Nov 78


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>