Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A retrospective pilot study of 99 peripheral blood films from 27 patients with burns is reported. Abnormalities of the granular leucocyte series were more common in the more extensive burns and usually preceded bacteriological evidence of wound pathogens or a clinical decision to take a blood culture. The evidence suggests that a prospective study is needed to determine the possible clinical value of reporting such granulocyte abnormalities. Abnormalities of the myelo-monocytic and lymphocyte cell lines were sufficiently frequent to permit fundamental research of possible relevance not only to patients with burns but in other host responses such as in sepsis, malaria or AIDS.
 ...
PMID:Haematology reports of routine blood films in patients with burns. 799 68

The English-speaking Caribbean is in transition toward communicable disease health patterns seen in the more developed world. Structural adjustment policies in recent years have weakened control measures, such as water supply and sanitation, as illustrated by recent outbreaks of typhoid fever in Jamaica (1990-1991), increased malaria incidence in Suriname and Guyana (with temporary importation into southern Trinidad in 1991), an upswing in tuberculosis in some countries, and the occurrence of cholera outbreaks in Belize, Suriname, and Guyana. The emergence of epidemic cholera throughout most of Latin America in 1991, and Caribbean mainland countries in 1992, aroused concern. Deteriorating socioeconomic conditions and the consequent communicable disease risk underscored the absence of communicable disease control in the Caribbean Cooperation in Health (CCH) strategy which was adopted in 1986 by the countries of the Caribbean Community. The Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC) offered the following analysis: At least four out of seven CCH priorities already directly address critical aspects of communicable disease control, and therefore the question arises whether communicable disease control should be recognized as an explicit CCH priority. Beyond cholera and the diseases already represented in the CCH strategy, there are only a few other communicable diseases that warrant specific attention at this time: tuberculosis; leprosy, which CAREC member countries may want to eradicate; and leptospirosis, a zoonosis (communicable disease of animals transmissible to humans) thought to be the most frequent disease of this type in the Caribbean. These three conditions are insufficient to justify a distinct communicable disease grouping within CCH. However, if all communicable diseases of public health importance were to be grouped together (AIDS/STD, vaccine-preventable diseases, food- and waterborne diseases, vector-borne diseases), such a group would be important enough to justify a distinct priority category, with several major subcategories.
 ...
PMID:Communicable disease control as a Caribbean public health priority. 801 35

This article reports the findings of a study conducted to identify the relationship between HIV infection and cerebral malaria in Burundi. Study subjects were selected from hospital patients diagnosed with cerebral malaria. The Glasgow scale was used for unconscious patients as a measurement for admission into this study. Parasite density was determined with Giemsa-stained thick blood smears. HIV-1 testing was done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques and positives were confirmed by Western blot. All patients received 10 mg of quinine per kg of body weight as an initial dose by intravenous infusion. This regimen was followed by a daily dose of 25 mg/kg body weight via intravenous infusion. If after 2 days the patient could take treatment orally, it was switched. This treatment regimen lasted 5-7 days total. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, the Fisher exact test, and the Chi-square test. Of the 31 study patients, 22 were male and 9 were female. 7 (22.6%) died within the first 96 hours. The surviving 24 patients had a mean coma recovery time of 33.7 +or- 25.8 hours. No neurological damage was noted. The mean Glasgow score was 8.3 +or- 2.7 for the whole group of 31 patients. The mean malaria parasitemia was 11,920 (95% CI: 643-221,018) parasites/mcl of blood. Plasma levels of creatinine were higher in fatal cases than in patients who survived (307.2 +or- 261.8 mcmol/L vs. 135.1 +or- 55.3 mcmol/L). Of the 31 patients, 12 (38.7%) had antibodies to HIV-1. No relationship between positive HIV-1 and cerebral malaria was found, and no patient showed any clinical symptoms of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Prognostic indicators in adult cerebral malaria: a study in Burundi, an area of high prevalence of HIV infection. 802 53

Serum samples from 51 patients with malaria, 35 patients with hepatitis B virus infection, 111 patients with tuberculosis, and 166 healthy controls were studied to determine any associations between tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis B, and AIDS in Nigeria, West Africa. All serum samples were examined for the presence of HIV-1/HIV-2, hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), and malaria antibodies. Only one patient was HIV-1 antibody-positive and none HIV-2 antibody-positive. Statistical associations were found between the presence of malaria antibody titres on the one hand and a diagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection (P < 0.05) or tuberculosis (P < 0.05). A stronger association (P < 0.001) was found between the presence of HBsAg and tuberculosis suggesting that HBsAg carriers are at higher risk of contracting tuberculosis.
 ...
PMID:Seroepidemiological associations between tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis B, and AIDS in West Africa. 804 26

The retrovirus LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus induces murine AIDS in C57BL/6 mice that has many similarities with human AIDS; Plasmodium berghei ANKA causes experimental cerebral malaria in the same strain of mice. The outcome of malaria infection was studied in mice concurrently infected with the two pathogens. The retrovirus significantly reduced the gravity of the neurological manifestations associated with Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. The protection against experimental cerebral malaria induced by murine AIDS increased with duration of viral infection and, hence, with the severity of the immunodeficiency. Interleukin 10, principally from splenic T cells, was shown to play a crucial role in this protection.
 ...
PMID:Murine AIDS protects mice against experimental cerebral malaria: down-regulation by interleukin 10 of a T-helper type 1 CD4+ cell-mediated pathology. 805 63

In order to study maternal mortality in Ilala District, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, all female deaths in the 12-44 year age group were registered from February 1991 to January 1993. After a follow-up, a relative of the deceased was interviewed to classify the death as associated with pregnancy or not. Eight data collectors were employed to collect information. The team visited each of the 72 areas at least once in 2 weeks. The team also visited mortuaries, grave yards, and religious premises to get information on deaths. All hospitals in the district were regularly visited. A detailed history was taken from a relative of the deceased woman according to a structured questionnaire. 645 female deaths were identified and 117 (18%) were maternal deaths. Most of the interviews (73%) were made at home. In 32% of the cases the interviewee was the mother, in 26% the sister, and in 4-9% the husband, aunt, uncle, father or daughter. Only 10% of the deceased women did not seek any medical treatment prior to death. Three out of 4 women had had fever before death. The second most common symptom was shortness of breath (56%) with a median duration of 6 days. About half of the women had lost weight, complained of abdominal pain, or had been pale or vomiting. Medical records were available in only 44% of the cases. According to the physicians, in 22 (3.5%) women the cause of death was not possible to determine. AIDS (27%), tuberculosis (13%), and malaria (12%) were the most common causes of death. God's will and witchcraft were mentioned as the cause of death for 48 (7.6%) cases. AIDS is a major cause of death in women of reproductive age, therefore AIDS preventive measures must be employed along with more aggressive treatment of malaria and tuberculosis.
 ...
PMID:Female mortality in reproductive ages in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 806 68

According to the World Health Organization, between 1980 and 1985 the total fertility rate was 2.0 in the wealthy countries and 4.1 in the less developed countries. The highest rate was found in Kenya with 8.1. The risk of maternal mortality in connection with pregnancy and childbirth was 1/10,000 in Northern Europe, but 1/21 in Africa. Every year about 500,000 women die because of complications before, during, or after delivery. The maternal mortality rate (30/100,000 live births in Europe) is still 500-800/100,000 in the developing countries, although Tanzania has succeeded in cutting its rate from 450/100,000 to 170/100,000. The main causes of maternal mortality are: 1) unrecognized obstructed labor, 2) postpartum bleeding that could be managed by massaging the uterus, administration of oxytocin or by the manual removal of the placenta, 3) postpartum infections that could be treated by timely administration of antibiotics, 4) preeclampsia that could be detected and treated, and 5) abortion complications requiring effective treatment. Among indirect causes of death is anemia: 66% of pregnant women in developing countries are anemic, compared to 14% in industrialized countries. So far the cause of the reduction of partial immunity against malaria parasites in primiparas has not been explained. A significant percentage of deaths (11-47%) can be traced to unqualified and negligent personnel, especially in the slums and rural areas. Only 52% of deliveries are attended by well-trained health personnel, although in 10% of pregnancies complications arise. Young age is another factor: in 1989 in Tanzania the first pregnancy occurred on the average at age 17.6 years compared to 27 years in England. In the beginning of the 1990s there were an estimated 3 million HIV-infected women, therefore maternal mortality as a consequence of AIDS is going to increase. In high prevalence areas the population growth rate will decline from 3% to 2.4%. Traditional birth attendants could be trained and used effectively to reduce maternal mortality by 3-11% as part of a functioning referral system.
 ...
PMID:[Obstetrics in the Third World]. 811 19

A sample of 300 sexually-active adults was selected at random from patients, from the rural area of Malenga Makali, Tanzania, who were attending a dispensary because they had diarrhoea of at least 2 weeks' duration. The potential associations between the patient's health (in terms of the World Health Organization's clinical definition of AIDS), HIV-1 seroprevalence and malaria and other parasitic infections were then investigated. Although, HIV-1 seroprevalence was 20.6% overall, the level of seroprevalence was directly correlated with the distance between the patients' home villages and the nearest main road. Strict application of the clinical definition of AIDS gave 98.7% specificity, 46% sensitivity and a predictive value of 90.6% when validated by HIV-1 seropositivity. Although malaria infection was more common in HIV-1 seropositives than in the seronegatives, the intensity of the Plasmodium falciparum infections, intestinal amoebiasis and giardiasis did not appear to be correlated with HIV-1 infection. In contrast, intestinal infections with Cryptosporidium parvum and Isospora belli were virtually restricted to HIV-1 seropositive individuals who had had diarrhoea for a relatively long time.
 ...
PMID:HIV-1 and parasitic infections in rural Tanzania. 812 20

Despite improvements in infant mortality, 500,000 infants die every year in the Americas. In Costa Rica, child mortality dropped from 68/1000 live births in 1970 to 20/1000 in 1980 as a result of improved hygiene and nutrition, immunization, and treatment. In most other countries of the Americas, infant mortality rates have declined substantially mainly because of public health programs. Educational levels of mothers and per capita national product also exert a notable influence on infant mortality. Poverty inflicts health problems: 177 million children are malnourished, and 40% of children in developing countries are undernourished, a state of affairs responsible for almost 60% of infant deaths. Breast-feeding plays a vital role in the first year of life by providing high quality nutrition and immunological protection, and emotional bonding between the mother and the child. Unfortunately, breast-feeding prevalence and duration is on the decline in developing countries. Safe drinking water and good sanitation are crucial in preventing and reducing child mortality. Women who become pregnant at either extreme of the reproductive age are exposed to higher maternal and pediatric risks; so are multiparous women, and women with short birth intervals. Most child deaths between the ages of 1-4 are preventable by health intervention: the main causes are diarrheal and respiratory diseases, malnutrition, and vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Intestinal infections cause almost 5 million child deaths a year, and oral rehydration therapy is the most effective preventive measure. Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing measles, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and pertussis. In many countries, malaria has resurfaced with some 250-300 million new cases every year. Children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable to suffer serious complications. There were a quarter million cases of cholera in the Americas between early 1991 and August, 1992. AIDS is also a threat to child health because of the rising numbers of infected mothers and pregnant women.
 ...
PMID:Children's health in the developing world: much remains to be done. 814 86

The challenge of achieving health for all is enormous in the face of 500,000 maternal deaths a year; the fact that 2.9 billion people lack clean water and sanitation; the AIDS epidemic and malaria prevalence; substance abuse; population aging; runaway urbanization; environmental degradation; and violent human conflicts. To develop new ways of thinking and approaches, programs initiated by the Health Foundation of the Rogosin institute of New York entitled Problem-Solving for Better Health. The basic concept was that available limited resources (preventive, therapeutic, information, talent, and community) are seldom fully utilized, rather than are often wasted. The program involves attendance of a workshop lasting 3-5 days by 60 health professionals. The problem-solving strategies are discussed in large groups with a handbook for supporting presentations. Community involvement and international collaboration are stressed, and follow-up site visits take place after 6 months. The Health Foundation's INFO-MED computer program and interactive information centers provide up-to-date information for professionals working on health problems. In China, 54 professionals collaborated to solve health problems. In 1992, progress reports for 21 projects dealt with anxiety, violent behavior, attention-deficit disorders, hyperlipidemia, and wound healing. In Brazil, 53 health professionals were enrolled in 1990 and prepared some 50 solutions to problems, including patterns of violence among young males in Sao Paulo and nutritional deficiencies in slums. Six projects were implemented with 36 under development. In Ghana, 65 professionals devised solutions to problems in 1991, 12 projects are under way, and 1 on hearing problems in school children is ready for national implementation. In the US, a team from the University of Illinois Medical School launched a program in 1992 on geriatric, pediatric, and women's health issues. In Guyana, 70 professionals participated in a workshop in 1992 to strengthen community-based programs. In Nigeria, also in 1992, 78 participants prepared protocols on family planning, guinea-worm eradication, and environmental health.
 ...
PMID:Problem-solving for better health. 814 91


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>