Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although the major diseases transmitted by transfusion today are AIDS and hepatitis, many others also are known. These include CMV, syphilis, Chagas disease, babesiosis, parvovirus B19, malaria, Epstein-Barr infection, and many others that have been reported only once or twice. Reducing the risk of transfusion-transmitted diseases is a problem for donor centers where donor screening and laboratory testing for possible carriers is undertaken. Physicians should be aware that the potential for disease transmission is always present when transfusions are administered.
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PMID:Transfusion-transmitted diseases other than AIDS and hepatitis. 196 3

Eight cases of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-2 were documented by ELISA and Western blot in Gambia between January 1988-September 1989 from a hospital-based screening of 205 malnourished children, 864 subjects in a malaria study, 34 patients with probable immunodeficiency and 24 children of 17 HIV-2 seropositive mothers. AIDS was diagnosed by WHO clinical definition. Diagnosis of HIV-2 was made if sera were positive by ELISA and Western blot (LAV Blot2, Diagnostics Pasteur, Marnes-La-Coquette, France) and negative by Wellcozyme I competitive ELISA to HIV-a (Wellcome Diagnostics, Dartford, UK). The children ranged in age from 17 months-5 years, and in ponderal index from 50-90%. 6 had CD4 percentages or counts below the normal range. 7 of the 8 could only have been infected pre- or perinatally, while 1 had been transfused from her mother. The clinical features included 5 with diarrhea 1 month; 3 with Cryptosporidium, 3 with Candida, a pneumonia, an interstitial pneumonia by x-ray, a streptococcus abscess, a staphylococcus abscess, 1 infant with failure to thrive and 1 4-year old who was asymptomatic. This group of patients was more severely affected than a series reported from Guinea Bissau: their mothers also had advanced AIDS in comparison to asymptomatic mothers in the other series. While mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 occurs in approximately 33% of children of HIV-1 seropositive mothers, these data cannot estimate the actual rate of transmission of HIV-2.
AIDS 1990 Sep
PMID:AIDS following mother-to-child transmission of HIV-2. 197 26

Even though Kenya stopped requiring tuition for primary school in the early 1970s, parents still must pay for books, pencils, and uniforms and contribute to a building fund. Enrollment for 8 year olds stands around 92%. The Aga Khan Health Services (AKHS) in Kisumu, Kenya recognizes the potential for improving the health status of children by using primary schools as a vehicle for health education. Its schools program sees school children as providers of health care for younger siblings. The program incorporates children's education, health, and health education. School children learn about health and pass on the information at home. For example, school children check to see if basic public health measures are done at done, e.g., covers for latrines. Teachers encourage students to bring younger siblings to monthly monitoring sessions. Here they learn to interpret growth charts and to determine who need immunizations. Since many primary school students are teenagers and teenage pregnancies are common, sex education is being considered. A comic book called Pied Crow distributed to every primary school addresses social issues, such as AIDS. Malaria killed 20 children in 1987, but by 1991 it killed only 2-3 children in Kisumu. Infant mortality in 1984 stood between 194-236/1000 and by 1987 AKHS reduced it 145.5-177. WHO's expanded program on immunization still does not serve most children, however, mainly because 25% of Kenyans live 5 miles from a rural health facility. Therefore measles still is the leading cause of death in children followed by acute respiratory failure. Some teachers become community health workers and other teachers interact with them. Community health workers partake in child growth monitoring activities and health education. Some areas around Kisumu now have piped water and AKHS has a well digging program. These activities have resulted in a substantial reduction in diarrhea.
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PMID:Child health and education in Kenyan schools programmes. 201 16

US secretary of Health and Human Services Sullivan addresses the issue of the role the US has now and the role it may play in improving health across the African continent. Progress made is attributed to the courageous individual commitment of many dedicated health care problems, and substantial cooperative international efforts. The 1990 US contribution through USAID is 80 million dollars for child survival in Africa and 80 million dollars for voluntary family planning activities. The 1991 figures increased in the total development fund from 560 million dollars to 800 million dollars. AIDS activities receive 11 million dollars out of a total world budget of 52 million dollars. An additional 14 million dollar grant was awarded for a Ugandan effort to fight AIDS and child health care problems and 242,000 dollar grant was given to the Soweto Township AIDS program and AIDS prevention and treatment. The future emphasis was directed to providing a steady, cooperative partnership with African countries, to increasing support for political stability and ending violence, and continuing US policy based on broad based economic growth which fosters sustainable and effective health assistance programs. Support must be provided to assist programs which develop indigenous primary health care systems. Work must be focused on helping Africans learn and practice personal health promotion and disease prevention, which is also of particular significance in breaking the AIDS transmission chain. Increased efforts must address malaria through applied and basic research and malaria control programs. US information technology in the form of, for instance, technical training in epidemiology, disease surveillance, and computer science and data use, needs to be provided to African health professionals. Utilitarian means in international cooperation and relief must be used to foster economic development, democracy, and delivery of health care improvements. The role for health professionals in the US must be to mobilize efforts to share information and expertise with their African counterparts; i.e., through University sponsored meetings and conferences, and private foundation efforts. The reach is with compassion, advanced technology and medical expertise and financial support.
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PMID:A bridge to Africa: how health professionals can help in development. 202 54

A prospective study of US Peace Corps volunteers (PCVs) serving in Zaire, central Africa, was undertaken to determine the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus infection in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-aware expatriate population living in an area of high endemicity for both diseases. Of the 338 PCVs who served in Zaire between October 1985 and May 1988, 282 (83%) were enrolled, representing 7776 volunteer-months of service. Analyses of serum samples for HIV and hepatitis B virus were performed on enrollment and at completion of service. All PCVs received extensive education and counseling regarding HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome throughout their stay in Zaire. There were no documented seroconversions to HIV among 282 PCVs who lived in Zaire for periods ranging from 1 to 81 months, with a mean length of stay of 27.4 months. Of the 14 (6.2%) of 226 PCVs tested who had at least one positive serologic marker for infection with hepatitis B virus, none was documented to have seroconverted during service. During the study period, the rate of all sexually transmitted diseases among PCVs in Africa decreased from 131 to 68 per 1000 study population per year, and there were 52 cases of confirmed malaria among volunteers in Zaire. These data suggest that the risk of acquiring infection with HIV or hepatitis B virus in PCVs in Zaire is very low, and there is no evidence for unusual modes of transmission.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection among Peace Corps volunteers in Zaire. No evidence for unusual modes of transmission. 153 61

In this article it is outlined the work of doctor Bustamante in fighting against diseases such as yellow fever, typhus, malaria, and smallpox; and the development and impel that this professional gave to preventive and social medicine is pointed out. It is established that health care professionals currently must not only highly studied and prepared, as they should manage all features related with public health, but also change-men-and-women who are capable to influence future generations, which will be the responsible in relocating men at the equilibrium point concerned to their health. Said equilibrium point is not only modified in its biopsychosocial aspect, but also its essence is deeply affected. This paper is a warning to physicians to fight together in response to humanity, that has set their confidence in them, as the current problem of drugs and dependence to drugs unhinges everything wholeness. To doctor Suarez is intolerable that, in spite of technological advances in the world, yet exist deaths caused by pneumonia or diarrhea. The hazards of the century are frightened: nuclear war and AIDS; but the characteristics that have distinguished human species and allowed its survival and superation are trusted: mental activity, ability of judgement, and consciousness; which are valuable for a deep philosophic discussion that allows us to continue our advance. An enumeration of the medicine achievements in this century is made.
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PMID:[Health challenges as the second millenium is ending. Conceptual epidemiology, social pathology, medicine and professional ethics]. 208 47

6 commercially available ELISA kits and 4 new Brazilian made methods for detecting HIV were compared on 2 panels of sera, 292 from AIDS patients, HIV-positives and negatives, and 180 sera from asymptomatic blood donors, including 90 HIV-positives. The kits tested were 5 ELISAs: Roche Diagnostica (Basel), Hoechst Enzygnostic (Sao Paulo), Virgo Electronuclionics (Columbia MD), Organon Teknika (Boxtel, Netherlands), Salck Industria e Comercio de Produtos Biologicos (Sao Paulo), and a passive hemagglutination test, (Salck Ind), and indirect immunofluorescence IIF (Virgo electronucleonics, Columbia), a dot blot (Embrabio, Empressa Brasiliera de Biotecnologia Ltda, Sao Paolo) and Karpas AIDS cell test, Fujichemical Industries Ltd (Chokeiji, Takaoka, Japan). The sensitivities ranged from 84.2% to 100% with no significant differences in sera from panel A. In panel B, the sensitivity of the PHA test was significantly lower than that of the ELISA and the AIDS cell tests. The specificities of the PHA and the AIDS cell tests were also lower than that of the ELISA. The costs of all the tests were similar, but the equipment needs varied. The simplest tests to perform were the dot blot assay, PHA and Karpas AIDS cell test. The Hoechst ELISA is simpler because it does not require dilution of the serum. The dot takes too long for use in a blood bank, 16-18 hours. Immunofluorescence tests would be practical in countries already screening blood for malaria or Changes disease. Brazil is not doing so on a large scale due to lack of political will. In countries with high incidence of malaria, Chagas disease, leishmania, hepatitis and leprosy, HIV test need to be tested on local sera because of possible B cell activation.
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PMID:Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent and alternative assays for detection of HIV antibodies using panels of Brazilian sera. 209 32

Earlier, we reported that prophylactic treatment with human interferon gamma (rHuIFN-gamma) protected monkeys against Plasmodium cynomolgi B malaria infection. We have tested the efficacy of rHuIFN-gamma on relapsing stage of experimental P. cynomolgi B malaria infection in rhesus monkeys. No effect of rHuIFN-gamma was seen against experimental relapsing stage compared with controls; however, it appears that chloroquine (CHL) may have interfered with the antimalarial effect of IFN, since treatment with CHL inhibits the antiviral activity of mouse alpha/beta IFN and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) against Semliki forest virus (SFV) in mice. These results may have clinical implications especially with the use of IFN against virus infection, cancer and in parasitic infections in malaria endemic areas where CHL is one of the most widely used antimalarial drugs. Our result also shows that CHL treatment enhances the virus replication in mice and suggest a possible connection between AIDS and malaria infection, since the spread of AIDS has been rapid in parts of tropical Africa that have a high incidence of malaria, and chloroquine has been frequently used in the chemotherapy of malaria.
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PMID:Effects of interferon in malaria infection. 212 28

Topical treatment of cutaneous larva migrans with thiabendazole and cambendazole is briefly described. AIDS has focused attention on the coccidial parasites Cryptosporidium spp. and Isospora belli because they can be responsible for severe chronic enteritis in immunodeficient patients. The species formerly known as Isospora hominis--after detection of its life cycle--has now been correctly named Sarcocystis bovihominis and S. suihominis, respectively. In future, patients harbouring commensal strains of Entamoeba histolytica can be left untreated, since pathogenic strains can now be identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The geographic distribution of malaria risk and drug resistance, side effects of antimalarials and recommendations for prophylaxis are discussed more extensively.
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PMID:[Current questions in parasitology and infection prevention]. 214 54

Epstein-Barr virus and HTLV-1 are both lymphotropic viruses, capable of immortalizing lymphocytes in vitro (Fig. 1). Both viruses have been sequenced and subjected to intense molecular biologic scrutiny, and in both cases genes believed to be important in lymphocyte immortalization have been identified. These viral genes are not homologues of cellular oncogenes, nor is there any evidence to suggest insertional mutagenesis. Rather, these genes alter the expression of a variety of cellular genes and, in so doing, alter the growth characteristics of the host cell. Infection with either virus is most likely to be asymptomatic, associated with a benign self-limited lymphoproliferation, or both, but in a small fraction of instances these benign lymphoproliferations give rise to a lymphoma or leukemia. In the case of the Epstein-Barr virus, a variety of cofactors have been identified that are important to the evolution of malignancy. These cofactors include immunosuppression in transplant recipients, cogenital immunodeficiency in the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, human immunodeficiency virus infection in AIDS patients, and malaria in patients with endemic Burkitt's lymphoma. In the case of HTLV-1, cofactors have not been identified. Nonetheless, the importance of cofactors is suggested by the small fraction of the population infected by the virus who actually develop lymphoproliferative disease, and the long latency period between infection and the development of frank lymphoproliferative disease. In organ transplant recipients with lymphomas associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection, the EBV immortalizing/transforming genes are expressed in the malignant tissue. But in Burkitt's lymphoma and in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, the EBV and HTLV-1 immortalizing/transforming genes are not detectably expressed. In Burkitt's lymphoma, it is suggested that the dysregulated myc gene renders the growth effects of Epstein-Barr virus latency genes superfluous. No comparable proto-oncogene translocation or activation has yet been identified in HTLV-1 lymphoma/leukemia.
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PMID:Human lymphotropic viruses associated with lymphoid malignancy: Epstein-Barr and HTLV-1. 217 3


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