Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The director of the hospital in Kapenguria and the Public Health Officer in the district of West-Pokot and a deputy medical director who had worked there before visited Chepkono, a village of some 20 huts spread around with serious signs of erosion. Their mission was to induce friends of Kenya in the Netherlands to donate money for the improvement of the health service, for the construction of clinics, and for educational programs. A small clinic consisting of 1 room decorated with pamphlets against AIDS, malaria, and other diseases was managed by the chief primary health care (PHC) assistant named Joseph. The village chief talked about the progression of school construction and the sanitary project. Joseph spoke about the strange disease that had all the signs of an epidemic affecting all ages with headache, fever, abdominal cramps, and muscle pain. A village elder added that the mouths of the deceased were black. At a hut there were about 10 people, among them a couple of children, probably also affected by the strange disease, sitting quietly watching the doctors. Each of them had lost 1 or more family members. The children were examined by the doctors, and it turned out that they suffered from a common ailment that good nutrition could relieve. Joseph got the assignment to procure milk powder and instant food for the use of the mothers. The doctors' conclusion was that in Chepkono the major ailment was meningitis or neck cramp. The examination would continue in the hospital in Kapenguria. The men were also informed that there was no vaccination against the strange disease. Joseph proved to be a capable PHC assistant knowing medicines and patients. Sanitary measures including toilet hygiene and boiling milk and water were recommended to avoid illness, and the guests departed.
 ...
PMID:[Chepkono, in the heart of a paradise]. 178 9

Cases of induced malaria have been notified in S. Paulo State, Brazil, in recent years. At the same time the number of cases imported from endemic regions of Brazil has been increasing. One case of induced malaria by Plasmodium vivax was registered in Presidente Prudente, located in the west of the State, in 1988 and a further eleven cases in 1989. This city is considered to be one of the main transit ports for people who come into the State from the Amazonian region. The patients declared that they had not been to any possible transmission area of malaria. All of them had, however, taken cocaine, sharing the same contaminated needle and syringe. Previously, one person with imported malaria was detected, who had transmitted the disease to the first case in 1988 and also to a further group of 3 people in 1989. One of these three latter cases then transmitted the disease to two other people. As the group of people continued to use the drug among themselves, 2 new cases arose. Afterwards, they re-infected themselves again (one of the was re-infected twice). The test for Human Immunodeficiency Virus was positive for 5 individuals, of whom one had a negative result and 2 others did not undergo the test. This information is discussed within the present context.
 ...
PMID:[Malaria in intravenous drug users associated with HIV seropositivity]. 178 55

A psychiatrist from Calcutta objects to the colonial culture which still dominates India. Specifically the call for prevention of AIDS and the spread of HIV made by developed countries, yet socioeconomic conditions in India hinder any prevention efforts. India faces other more common and preventable fatal diseases. The basic needs (food, shelter, health, and education) of most people cannot even be met. Thus an AIDS prevention program is an expensive luxury and probably would not reach those whose needs are already not met. 65% of AIDS cases are in Africa especially central Africa and almost 90% of AIDS cases in developing countries are in the most productive age group (20-49 years). The HIV/AIDS epidemic is indeed dealing countries an economic blow. For example, in 1988, AIDS related medical costs in the US stood at US$8.5 billion; lost wages US$55.6 billion; and research, education, and blood screening US$2.3 billion. Developing countries cannot absorb such an economic impact. The AIDS epidemic can strain a developing country's health system such as Zaire. For example, the cost of providing proper care for only 10 AIDS patients is higher than the entire budget of the largest hospital. Yet this hospital's physicians diagnose as many as 15 new cases daily. Economic loss/year due to AIDS deaths in Zaire will equal 8% of the gross national product by 1995. The poor often do not have access to health services. illiteracy (88%) in Brazil impedes AIDS prevention messages from reaching remote rural populations. Brazil already faces a high infant mortality rate and 33% of the population has malaria. Health and social problems in developing countries are so common that AIDS is just 1 more disease. Another obstacle to AIDS prevention in developing countries is that the poor cannot afford to buy condoms. The root cause of AIDS in developing countries is poverty.
 ...
PMID:AIDS prevention: what are we talking about? 178 14

In Germany maternal mortality related to pregnancy, birth and child-bed is only about 11 women/100,000. In some African countries mortality is up to 100 times as high, UNICEF reported in 1991. The causes of high infant and maternal mortality are poverty, inadequate hygiene, and lack of preventive medical care and timely treatment of diseases for 60% of the population in the least developed countries. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa currently have the world's highest population growth rates of 3-4%/annum. Diarrheal and respiratory diseases are the most common causes of death, but recently tuberculosis has reappeared. Acute respiratory infection (ARI) causes at least 4 million deaths/year or 11,000/day. Each year about 800 million malaria infections occur worldwide. Although antimalarial drugs have reduced mortality, resistant Plasmodium strains have made therapy difficult. Schistosomiasis is endemic in 74 countries: about 200 million people are infected and more than 600 million people are at risk. Central and East Africa are the areas worst affected by the AIDS pandemic. In some cities more than 1/4 of men and women in the 20-40 age group are infected with HIV. Up to 90% seroprevalence rates have been found among female prostitutes. Perinatal transmission is becoming prevalent where 20% or more of the pregnant women are infected. In some regions of Africa prevalence rates can reach 505 and more for the adult population. By the early 1990s AIDS will be the leading cause of mortality in the 20-40 age group in some regions. A 1991 forecast for the Mbeya Region of Tanzania predicted that the 15-44 year age group would decline from 41% to 37% during 1988-94, while infant mortality may increase by 50-100/1000 live births. The only control measures of HIV transmission remain the avoidance of infected blood or infected medical equipment, and prevention is through education and information.
 ...
PMID:Strategies to maintain health in the Third World. 179 44

A survey of microbiological and pharmacological properties of, of clinical experience with and of untoward reactions of lincomycin and clindamycin has been presented. Both antibiotics are active against gram-positive aerobic and many anaerobic bacteria. As to anti-anaerobic activity, clindamycin is superior to lincomycin. Consequently, anaerobic infections are main indication for clindamycin in clinical practice. On the other hand, lincomycin shows excellent penetration into body fluids and tissues and its dosage can be adapted to actual clinical situation in a very wide range. Recently, combinations of clindamycin with other drugs have proved effective in the treatment of falciparum malaria as well as of acute toxoplasmosis and Pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS patients. Both lincomycin and clindamycin play still an important role in chemotherapy of infections.
 ...
PMID:[Lincosamide antibiotics]. 180 41

566C80 is a novel hydroxynaphthoquinone with broad-spectrum anti-parasitic properties. In vitro the compound was more potent against Plasmodium falciparum than any of the established anti-malarial drugs. It had good activity against the pathogen in Aotus monkeys and was also effective in rodents infected with various drug-resistant strains of P. yoelii and P. berghei. In mice the compound showed significant activity against Toxoplasma gondii. Evaluation of the metabolic stability of 566C80 to NADPH-mediated oxidative metabolism was made using microsome preparations from a number of species including man. Unlike other quinones examined, 566C80 was shown to be inert in these assays. In Phase 1 clinical studies up to 750mg of compound were given as a single oral dose to fasted healthy male adults. This was well tolerated and the plasma drug elimination half-life was approximately 70h. In these subjects a 450mg dose gave plasma concentrations of 0.1-0.3 micrograms/ml which were achieved 1 h post-dosing and remained so for at least 7 days. Volunteers ingesting food prior to drug administration had quinone plasma levels which were significantly higher. Phase II trials are now underway to assess 566C80 for use against malaria and opportunistic infections in AIDS patients.
 ...
PMID:566C80: a potent broad spectrum anti-infective agent with activity against malaria and opportunistic infections in AIDS patients. 182 35

Traveler's diarrhea, malaria, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and jet lag are among the issues for the traveler preparing for a trip to or returning from developing countries. With appropriate measures, most travel-related diseases can be prevented. Diarrheal diseases, schistosomiasis, sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS can be prevented with proper avoidance behavior. Diseases such as hepatitis, rabies, yellow fever and meningitis can be prevented with immunization. Chemoprophylaxis can prevent malaria, altitude sickness and sinus barotrauma. Diagnosing an illness in a returning traveler requires a high index of suspicion regarding diseases that might have been acquired during travel. Resources for accessing up-to-date information concerning prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of travel-related illnesses are available.
 ...
PMID:Prevention and treatment of travel-related illness. 141 74

Chloroquine (CHL) has been suggested to play an important role in the development of Burkitt's lymphoma by enhancing Epstein-Barr virus expression. Herpes zoster virus incidence is markedly increased following malaria infection in children being treated with CHL. Recently, CHL has also been shown to dramatically increase the transactivation of Tat protein purified from human immunodeficiency virus. These previous studies indirectly suggest that CHL may be involved in the enhancement of virus replication. This study demonstrates for the first time that CHL indeed enhances Semliki Forest virus and encephalomyocarditis virus replication in mice. These results raise the possible connection between the increased spread of AIDS in endemic malaria areas and the wide use of CHL in those areas for the chemotherapy of malaria.
 ...
PMID:Chloroquine enhances replication of Semliki Forest virus and encephalomyocarditis virus in mice. 184 12

Epidemiologic research has the potential to complement public health technical assistance programs and to provide health planners with information on priority areas for intervention. This potential was documented in Djibouti, where a US naval medical research unit conducted 10 epidemiologic investigations preliminary to the planning of a national acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) control program. Data were collected on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and incidence in high-risk populations, the comparative performance of HIV screening assays, attitudes and practices relevant to sexually transmitted diseases, viral hepatitis markers, the prevalence of arboviral infections, the nature and drug susceptibility of microbial pathogens associated with infectious diarrhea and Neisseria gonorrhoea, the epidemiology of malaria, and the ecology of sandflies in relation to human leishmaniasis. These findings were utilized in the setting of priorities and the planning of disease control measures. Baseline epidemiologic data are now available, and national research capabilities have been strengthened so that further research on AIDS , malaria, and diseases such as leishmaniasis can be conducted. The success of this experience was in large part due to the cooperation and coordination between the research unit, the Ministry of Health, and a World Health Organization Collaborating Center on AIDS.
 ...
PMID:A partnership in epidemiological research. 185

To evaluate the consequences of receiving human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive blood, 90 HIV-1-seronegative recipients of HIV-1-seropositive blood (case patients) and 90 HIV-1-seronegative recipients of HIV-1-seronegative blood, matched for age, sex, number of transfusions, diagnosis, and severity of illness (controls), were followed for 12 months after transfusion at Mama Yemo Hospital in Kinshasa, Zaire. Of case patients and controls, 72% were children transfused for anemia caused by malaria. Of the 46 case patients case patients alive 6 months after transfusion and for whom HIV-1 serologic results were obtained, 44 (96%) had seroconverted. Significantly more case patients (47%) than controls (16%) died within 1 year after transfusion (P less than .001). In the first 3 months after transfusion, fatigue, diarrhea, fever, cough, pruritus, pallor, oral candidiasis, polyadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and rhinorrhea were observed more often among seroconverters than controls (P less than .04). Six percent of case patients and no controls had developed clinical AIDS after 12 months of follow-up. These findings underscore the urgent need for appropriate HIV screening facilities in transfusion centers worldwide.
 ...
PMID:Seroconversion rate, mortality, and clinical manifestations associated with the receipt of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected blood transfusion in Kinshasa, Zaire. 186 35


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>