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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
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The comparison of the prevalence of malaria in pregnant and non pregnant women living in Dakar has interested 1819 women among whom 950 pregnant and 869 non pregnant. For all the examined women, the global plasmoidic index was 2.6% and the gametocytic index 0.1%. Plasmodium falciparum was the only observed species. According to the obtained results, pregnant women, with a plasmoidic index of 4.5% are more often parasited than the non pregnant women, only affected in a proportion of 0.5% Whatever the age, the number of previous pregnancy, the place of residence, the duration of the stay in Dakar may be, the pregnant women are always more often parasited than the non pregnant women and the registered differences are statistically significant. That situation could come from a greater receptivity of the pregnant women what is admitted by some authors. But a more important proportion of natives from rural area was observed among the pregnant women, from where a difference in the exposure to the risk of impaludation between the two groups that could explain the registered results. The global plasmoidic index of 2.6% obtained in the examined women, reflects well the present situation of the malaria endemy in Dakar, a weak hypo-endemic area.
Dakar Med 1995
PMID:[Prevalence of malaria in Dakar, Senegal. Comparative study of the plasmodial indices in pregnant and non-pregnant women]. 982 69

From September 1992 to October 1993 a longitudinal entomological study was carried out in two villages located in different ecological conditions of Senegal, a sahelian area and a sudan-type savanna. Mosquitoes were sampled by night-bites catches and by daytime pyrethrum spray collections. In both villages Anopheles gambiae s.l. is the main vector with An. gambiae in the savanna area of Wassadou and An. arabiensis in the sahelian area of Thiaye. Malaria transmission is mainly seasonal with a man biting rate (ma) and an entomological inoculation rate (h) higher in Wassadou than in Thiaye. In this last one (sahelian area), a high variation of An. gambiae s.l. density was observed, females disappear in the dry season. In the rainy season the main biting rate increases but no infected bite was recorded. In Wassadou (sudan-type savanna), a great difference in An. gambiae s.l. specific composition was observed with An. gambiae predominant in the rainy season and An. arabiensis generally more abundant in the dry season. The biting and inoculation rates were minimum during the dry season (ma = 4 bites/man/night; h = 0.07 infected bites/man/night-, they increase during the rainy season (ma: 52 bites/man/night; h = 1.6 infected bites/man/night). An inhabitant of this village gets annually some 63, bites and 220 infected bites of An. gambiae s.l., mainly during the six months of the rainy season and the early dry season.
Dakar Med 1995
PMID:[Comparison of the transmission of malaria in 2 epidemiological patterns in Senegal: the Sahel border and the Sudan-type savanna]. 982 82

We report a comparative study of specific antibody levels to the blood stages of P. falciparum in individuals living in two different areas with different transmission levels of malaria. We have compared 2 techniques for the detection/titration of antibodies i.e. ELISA and IFI, ELISA being particularly suitable for immuno-epidemiological related studies. A schizont lysate from P. falciparum infected red blood cells from FUP/CB Marburg strain as antigen proved usefullness, as compared with an antigen extracted from a local strain recently adapted to in vitro culture. Using these techniques, high specific antibody responses were found in the villagers' sera and mean levels of antibodies increased with age. Levels of specific IgG were comparable between those two locations, in spite of a ten fold higher level of transmission between the two villages. In contrast, a significantly higher level of IgM in adults living in holoendemic.
Dakar Med 1997
PMID:[Specific antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum antigens in immune subjects: I. Comparison of detection/titration methods]. 982 14

The influence of age on the clinical presentation of severe malaria and especially on its two most commonly encountered manifestations, cerebral malaria and severe anaemia, has been retrospectively examined in 161 children (< 16 years old) admitted in the paediatric department of Hospital Principal de Dakar from January 1st 1990 to February, 29th 1996. They lived in Dakar and its suburbs, a region of Senegal were the malaria transmission rate is very low. Cases were defined by at least one of the World Health Organization criteria of severe malaria and the presence of Plasmodium falciparum in blood smears. Severe anaemia was present in 73.1%, 52.1% and 26.2% cases of severe malaria among children aged 0-3 years, 4-7 years and 8-15 years, respectively, (p < 0.0001). The frequency of cerebral malaria was 11.3%, 28.2% and 60.6% in the same age groups, respectively, (p < 0.0001). Severe anaemia and cerebral malaria were associated in 8.7% of the cases of severe malaria. The fatality rate was significantly lower in cases of severe anaemia without cerebral malaria (3%) than in cases of cerebral malaria without severe anaemia (17.5%; p < 0.02). Among young children, severe anaemia was associated with brief hyperparasitaemia or with prolonged lower parasitaemia. Other things being equal, older patients had a lower risk of severe anaemia. The results suggest that the high prevalence of severe anaemia in young children, even in an area of very low endemicity, depends more on age and parasitaemia than on the transmission level.
Dakar Med 1997
PMID:[Severe malaria in children from the seasonal low-transmission zone of Senegal: effect of age on the clinical manifestations]. 982 17

From April to November 1994, we carried out a study in Rufisque, an urban area located in Dakar Region. During dry season, 5.32% of febrile outpatients were infected with Plasmodium falciparum with a mean parasitic density evaluated at 12,471 p/microliter. One case of cerebral malaria was noted. During raining season, malaria represented 58.75% of the fevers. Ten presented neurological signs; the mean parasitic density was high, 131,140 p/microliter. Two children died. Good efficiency of quinine was noted but chloroquine treatment failures was present: 50%. Generally malaria is less prevalent in urban areas. But in Rufisque ecological conditions are main factors which permit spreading of the disease. Prior measures of control such correct treatment of cases and good management of environment must be done.
Dakar Med 1997
PMID:[Malaria in an urban environment: the case of the city of Rufisque in Senegal]. 982 19

The study of malarial seroprevalence in Dakar has interested 598 women among whom 377 pregnant and 221 non pregnant, between 15 to 45 years old and happens during the dry season, period of which malaria transmission is practically stopped in the locality. Among the tested serums by indirect immunofluorescence with Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood forms as antigen, 24.4% contained antimalarial antibodies. The serological index does'nt vary significantly according to the months during the dry season, the women age and their previous pregnancy number. On the contrary, the women who live in Dakar since less than 2 years, have e higher seropositivity rate of 33.7% than those who are there since more than 2 years, 20.0%. It is likewise for the women practicing chemoprophylaxy with chloroquine of whom 16.5% have antibodies against 26.0% among those who don't practice it. The seropositivity rate doesn't vary significantly according as the women are pregnant (24.7% of positive) or not pregnant (24.0% of positive). The weakness of the serological rate in the examined women, can be explained by the situation of Dakar in a weak malarial hypoendemic area. II shows that the major examined subjects have lost or have never had contact with Plasmodium what predispose them to make severe and complicated malarial attacks.
Dakar Med 1997
PMID:[Prevalence of malaria in Dakar, Senegal. Results of serological survey of pregnant and non-pregnant women]. 982 21

In order to determine the prevalence of malaria and its epidemiological characteristics, a survey was carried out in 11 villages situated in all the Basin of River Senegal (B.R.S.). 3306 (0-14 years) children are examined. The results show that malaria is hypo-endemic in the B.R.S. with a plasmodic index of 8.6% and a splenic index of 9.9%. But these malariametric indexes change according to the areas visited. Thus, malaria prevails at a hypo-endemic level in Dagana and Podor districts while at a medium if not hyperendemic level in Matam and Bakel districts. The plasmodial index also change according to age reaching a maximum within children from 10 to 14 years. As for the spleen index, it is low among children from 10-14 years. As for the spleen index, it is low among children from 0 to 4 years old, then increases among those aging from 5 to 9 years, before decreasing within children ranging from 10 to 14 years. P.falciparum is the most prevalent species, representing 96% of the cases; it is followed by P.malarioe (3%) and P.ovale (1%). If our results are compared with those obtained before by other authors, we can conclude that the recent hydro-agricultural plannings carried out in the area, have not yet provoked an increase of the cases of malaria. But, in order to avoid this risk, it is necessary to take from now some preventive measures.
Dakar Med 1997
PMID:[Prevalence of malaria in the Senegal river basin in 1991]. 982 25

The authors carried out an epidemiological survey from october 12 to december 4, 1995, at Medina's mother and Child care centre (MCC) in Dakar in order to assess chemoprophylaxis among pregnant women in Dakar. The midwife/pregnant women ratio is 0.08 The mentioned diagnosis criteria were relevant regards to the references established for most of the answers because since the latter base malaria diagnosis on the following signs: fever, chills, headaches and vomiting. 64.6% of them assume compliance to antimalarial chemoporphylaxis. Education level seems to be the main determining factor in this trend. Although chloroquine is the most widely used drug, nevertheless 11.9% of pregnant women assuming compliance use it at inappropriate posology. Besides, pyrimethamine is used by 12.3% of them. 34% of pregnant women do show chloroquine in urine. The plasmodial index is 1.4%. Only 8.1% of these women are supplied by health centres where shortages are noted.
Dakar Med 1997
PMID:[Evaluation of malaria chemoprevention among 359 pregnant women attending a health center in Dakar]. 982 26

Specific immune responses to asexual blood stages of P. falciparum antigens (a lysate of parasitized red blood cells and a characterized vaccine candidate i.e. MSP1 p19) were analyzed in plasma samples from immune adult individuals living in three different areas of Senegal, where malaria transmission is different. Most individuals in the three sites had specific IgG and IgM to total P. falciparum antigens, whereas approximately 50% had either IgG or IgM specific to MSP1 p19. Further, no anti-MSP1 p19 IgG2 and IgG4 antibody was noticed in any individual whereas the distribution of anti-MSP1 p19 IgG1 and IgG3 was different upon the epidemiological context. In addition, no relationship was found between antibody responses and in vitro T cell responses against P. falciparum antigens upon those experimental conditions. These data stress on the relatively elevated distribution of specific antibodies to MSP1 p19 in P. falciparum hyperendemic areas and suggest a differential regulation of isotypes depending on individual parasite exposure.
Dakar Med 1997
PMID:[Specific antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum antigens in immune subjects: II. Screening of responses against the merozoite major surface antigen (MSP!)]. 982 30

A prospective study was carried out in 46 patients suffering from severe malaria. The control group included 220 persons of which the HLA-DR distribution was known. The HLA-DRB1 alleles were typed by PCR-SSP (Sequence Specific Primers). The most frequent HLA-DR alleles found in patients group were: DR52 (82.8%), DR13 (57.1%), DR10 (28.6%), DR53 (25.7%), DR3 (20%), DR18 (20%). A significant difference was observed between patients with severe malaria and control group for the following alleles: DR3, DR10, DR13 (p < 0.001; Chi square with Yates' correction) and their relative risk were respectively 14.67; 6.29; 2.84. HLA-DR3 was considered as the major marker associated to severe malaria.
Dakar Med 1998
PMID:[Susceptibility to neuro-malaria and HLA-DR alleles in Senegal]. 982 50


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