Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024523 (malabsorption)
 7,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Radiation-induced bowel disease manifested by debilitating diarrhea is an unfortunate consequence of therapeutic irradiation for pelvic malignancies. Although the mechanism for this diarrhea is not well understood, many believe it is the result of damage to small bowel mucosa and subsequent bile acid malabsorption. Excess amounts of bile acids, especially the dihydroxy components, are known to induce water and electrolyte secretion and increase bowel motility. We have directly measured individual and total bile acids in the stool samples of 11 patients with radiation-induced diarrhea and have found bile acids elevated two to six times normal in eight of them. Our patients with diarrhea and increased bile acids in their stools had prompt improvement when given cholestyramine. They had fewer stools and returned to a more normal life-style.
 ...
PMID:Bile acids in radiation-induced diarrhea. 366 42

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether bile acid malabsorption assessed by the 75SeHCAT test, had a pathogenetic role in functional chronic diarrhoea and to ascertain whether the small bowel transit time (SBTT) could be correlated with the 75SeHCAT test results. The test was based on the counting of the abdominal retention of a 75-selenium labelled homotaurocholic acid. The 75SeHCAT test was carried out in a control group of 23 healthy adults and in 46 patients, 38 of whom were suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) of diarrhoeic form and eight patients who had undergone cholecystectomy and were suffering from chronic diarrhoea. Faecal bile acid loss was determined in nine patients, and in 14, serum bile acid increase after a standard meal was measured. In 17, SBTT was studied by hydrogen breath test after lactulose administration (21 g in 300 ml water). In 15 patients, choledochocaecal transit time was estimated by Tc99m-HIDA (111 MBq) cholescintigraphy. In 20 of 46 subjects, 75SeHCAT retention was below normal level, and in 19 cholestyramine administration relieved diarrhoea. 75SeHCAT results were related to faecal bile acid loss, while no correlation was found with serum bile acids and SBTT. The data suggest a possible wider use of the 75SeHCAT test in chronic diarrhoea to estimate bile acid malabsorption in irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhoeic form, and provide an effective treatment. In our patients small bowel transit velocity does not seem to be a pathogenetic factor of bile acid malabsorption.
 ...
PMID:75Se HCAT test in the detection of bile acid malabsorption in functional diarrhoea and its correlation with small bowel transit. 366 65

Self-filling blind loops of rat jejunum exhibit hyperregenerative transformation of the mucosa. We used this experimental model to characterise mechanisms, which may occur under similar conditions in man (stagnant loop syndrome). Epithelial and subepithelial resistance were measured in the Ussing-chamber by voltage divider ratio measurements after positioning a microelectrode between epithelium and subepithelial tissue layers. In the blind loop, epithelial resistance increased from 8 +/- 1 to 23 +/- 1 omega cm2 and subepithelial resistance from 39 +/- 4 to 86 +/- 8 omega cm2 as compared with control jejunum. The increase in the subepithelial resistance was paralleled anatomically by an increase in the thickness of the subepithelial tissue layers from 63 +/- 4 microns to 177 +/- 19 microns. Ultrastructural analysis of the tight junction area by freeze fracture electron microscopy revealed an increase in the total junctional 'depth' in the crypts from 243 +/- 9 nm in control jejunum to 396 +/- 17 nm in the blind loop, while the number of horizontally oriented 'strands' remained unchanged. Villus tight junctions did not differ between blind loop and control. We interpret the alterations in the self-filling blind loop as an adaptive response of the epithelium which reduces backleakage of already absorbed electrolytes across the tight junction into the intestinal lumen. This mechanism is suitable to support the intestine in maintaining body electrolyte and water contents during cellular electrolyte malabsorption.
 ...
PMID:Adaptation of the jejunal mucosa in the experimental blind loop syndrome: changes in paracellular conductance and tight junction structure. 369 3

To test the hypothesis that chronic ethanol exposure would alter the membrane fluidity of the intestinal brush-border membrane, which would lead to calcium malabsorption, we gave chicks 15% ethanol in their drinking water from hatching to 3 or 4 wk of age. Although such chicks grew less quickly than their hatchmates not ingesting ethanol, their ability to absorb calcium from the duodenum in vivo was unimpaired. However, when calcium accumulation by isolated duodenal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) was assessed, the BBMVs from chicks ingesting ethanol for 1-3 wk had a lower rate of uptake than the BBMVs from the controls at all calcium concentrations evaluated (0.1-25 mM). This difference could not be explained by differences in membrane fluidity as assessed by fluorescence depolarization, or by changes in intravesicular volume. Glucose uptake was not affected. The acute addition of ethanol (up to 1 M) in vitro to the control BBMVs increased both membrane fluidity and calcium accumulation. No difference in the fluidizing effect of ethanol in BBMVs between ethanol-ingesting chicks and control chicks could be demonstrated, although the acute effect of ethanol on calcium accumulation was blunted in the BBMVs from chicks ingesting ethanol. Increasing the temperature of the incubation medium also increased membrane fluidity and calcium accumulation in BBMVs from control and ethanol-ingesting chicks, with a greater increase in calcium uptake by the control BBMVs despite comparable increases in fluidity in BBMVs from the control and ethanol-ingesting chicks. We conclude that the chronic ingestion of ethanol by chicks, although markedly altering growth rates, has minimal impact on the intestinal absorption of calcium when assessed in vivo. However, chronic ethanol ingestion does appear to alter the intestinal brush-border membrane to make it less permeable to calcium and less susceptible to the stimulation by ethanol of calcium flux across this membrane; this adaptation may prevent increased flux of calcium across the brush-border membrane into the cell in the presence of ethanol.
 ...
PMID:Effect of ethanol on intestinal calcium transport in chicks. 374 64

Folic acid absorption was studied in 12 elderly subjects with atrophic gastritis and 10 elderly normal controls using tritium-labeled pteroylmonoglutamic acid. Two folic acid absorption tests were carried out on each subject with 120 ml of either water or 0.1 N HCl. Folic acid absorption was significantly lower in subjects with atrophic gastritis than in normal controls (31% vs. 51%, respectively; p less than 0.01). In subjects with atrophic gastritis, folic acid absorption rose significantly to 54% (p less than 0.001) when administered with acid, but did not change in normal controls (50%). Serum folate levels were normal in all subjects. Proximal small intestinal pH was higher in atrophic gastritis subjects than in normal controls (7.1 vs. 6.7, respectively; p less than 0.05), as were bacterial counts of small intestinal fluid (p less than 0.01). Bacteria cultured from the aspirates of subjects with atrophic gastritis were able to synthesize folate in vitro when incubated in a folate-free medium. Atrophic gastritis results in folic acid malabsorption but not in folate deficiency, possibly due to increased bacterial synthesis of folate in the small intestine.
 ...
PMID:Folic acid malabsorption in atrophic gastritis. Possible compensation by bacterial folate synthesis. 377 Mar 72

Studies show that bile acids and long-chain fatty acids are responsible for diarrhea in certain malabsorption syndromes. Recent reports indicate that substances such as dietary cholesterol, when moderately consumed, can reduce bile-induced excessive mucosal fluid and electrolyte output. This study explores the antidiarrheal effect and dosage of dietary cholesterol in rats following massive bowel resection, co-fed elemental diet. Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 248-253 g underwent 75% resection of the small bowel and were fed ad libitum for 21 days with 1 of 5 diets (n = 7) of Vivonex HN, supplemented by 0, 2.5, 5, 10 or 15 mM cholesterol/1,000 g of the powdered elemental diet. Parameters measured included daily food and water consumption, daily changes in weight, volume of excrement and stool consistency graded by the same individual (water, semiformed or formed). It was found that 5 mM dietary cholesterol in 1,000 g of the elemental diet produced the most formed stool and significantly improved weight gain in rats with short-bowel syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Cholesterol: an antidiarrheal agent in rats with short-bowel syndrome fed elemental diets. 378 Jul 88

The nutritional and metabolic complications following intestinal resection and ileostomy for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in low birth weight preterm infants often necessitate repeated prolonged hospitalization for salt and water imbalance and reliance on total parentaral nutrition (TPN). The traditional concerns about anesthetic and anastomotic complications delays the restoration of intestinal continuity until the infant has attained a weight of about 5 kg, but recent nutritional balance studies in our unit have shown a combination of nutrient and mineral malabsorption in neonates with ileostomies. Beginning 4 years ago, a prospective study of early closure of the ileostomy was undertaken in infants weighing as low as 2 kg to examine the effect on surgical morbidity, infant growth, and gastrointestinal function using the preclosure infant as his/her own control. Ten infants with birthweights ranging from 670 to 2,000 g developed NEC requiring ileostomy at age three days to 11 weeks. In addition to partial ileal resection, the cecum was resected in 10 patients, ascending colin in 7, transverse in 4, descending colon in 1 patient. Postoperative treatment, including short-term TPN and elemental diet, preceded closure of ileostomy at a mean age of 18 weeks (range 5 to 36 weeks). Mean weight at time of closure was 3,052 +/- 994 g. There were no short-term complications of early closure in this series, nor was there any incidence of anastomotic dysfunction, colon stricture, or recurrent NEC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Early ileostomy closure in necrotizing enterocolitis. 382 10

Giardia lamblia infects millions of individuals throughout the world. In developed countries it appears primarily in waterborne epidemics of diarrhea. In developing countries, it is endemic, but only a small proportion of those infected appear ill. This flagellate parasite infects the small intestine of its host and may cause malabsorption and malnutrition, particularly among infants and young children. Little is known about the extent of illness caused by this parasite because few epidemiologic studies have been done; diagnosis is difficult and Giardia carriers frequently are simultaneously infected with other pathogens. Control measures include intermittent treatment of those infected and improved water supply and sanitation. Efforts to control individual infection can only be successful on a temporary basis. The greatest progress in control should derive from efforts to develop an effective vaccine.
 ...
PMID:Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. XIX. Giardiasis. 389 10

Ileal resection causes malabsorption of bile acid; the increased load of bile acids in the colon induces increased secretion of salt and water and hence diarrhoea. A study was carried out to test the effect of an enterocoated cholestyramine tablet designed to disintegrate in the colon and sequester the bile acids there, thereby minimising diarrhoea induced by bile acids while having no effect on malabsorption of bile acid and jejunal fat absorption. The study comprised 14 patients who had undergone ileal resection of 40-150 cm for Crohn's disease. A double blind crossover trial was performed with placebo and cholestyramine enterocoated with cellulose acetate phthalate. During treatment with cholestyramine the daily faecal output decreased, the number of defecations each week decreased, and the intestinal transit time increased. Acceptability of the tablets was high, in contrast with general clinical experience with cholestyramine powder. No change was observed in the total faecal output of bile acids or fat. Cholestyramine tablets caused a reduction in diarrhoea without noticeably interfering with the metabolism of fat or bile acid.
 ...
PMID:Effect of enterocoated cholestyramine on bowel habit after ileal resection: a double blind crossover study. 392 71

An evaluation of total hemolytic complement activity (CH100) after fasting or intestinal bypass was performed in rats. The experiment lasted 6 days. Three groups, of 5 animals each, were studied. On the 1st day, basal values of total complement (TC), albumin and body weight were determined. Group A received normal, ad libitum feeding, group B started on a 'water only' diet, group C underwent intestinal bypass. On the 4th and 6th day the parameters were assessed. TC mean values were significantly lower in groups B and C, as compared to group A, on the 4th as well as on the 6th day (p less than 0.01 by Mann-Whitney's U test). Body weight showed a similar trend. Differences in albumin were never statistically significant. Limitations of the analytical method are discussed. The data show that fasting or bypass-induced malabsorption may determine an early decrease in total hemolytic complement activity, though a development of an immune deficiency is not proved.
 ...
PMID:Early decrease in total hemolytic complement activity (CH100) after fasting or intestinal bypass in the rat. 394 40


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>