Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024523 (malabsorption)
 7,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Zinc deficiency was induced in adult male mice by feeding them for 8 weeks on a purified semi-synthetic Zn-deficient diet (ZD) containing 90 g lipid/kg (60 g maize oil plus 30 g cod-liver oil). One group was then fed on a low-lipid Zn-deficient diet (ZDLR) containing 30 g cod-liver oil/kg as the sole lipid source for a further 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment the stomach clearance rate, daily food intake, body-weight gain and [14C]glucose uptake in the intestine were significantly higher in group ZDLR than in mice that continued eating the Zn-deficient lipid-adequate diet ZD, and were comparable to results for a group given a Zn-supplemented diet. These results suggest that the pathogenesis of anorexia, nutrient malabsorption and growth retardation are secondary to lipid malabsorption resulting from Zn deficiency.
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PMID:Influence of low dietary lipid content on anorexia and [14C]glucose uptake in the intestine of zinc-deficient mice. 144 29

Involuntary weight loss or wasting indicative of severe protein energy malnutrition is a frequent complication of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Malnutrition, with its associated adverse effects on immunocompetence, may contribute to the progression of AIDS itself. Since death from wasting is ultimately related to the magnitude of tissue depletion, restoration of body cell mass may enhance survival. The mechanism of weight loss in AIDS has not been clearly elucidated. The etiology is likely to be multifactorial, the result of interactions between decreased caloric intake, malabsorption, and alterations in energy expenditure secondary to hormonal and/or metabolic abnormalities. Although weight loss is occasionally reversible with treatment of underlying infections and/or easily identifiable and reversible causes, the majority of patients are not this fortunate. Enteral and parenteral nutrition, which are expensive, cumbersome, and potentially morbid, have been suggested by some as therapeutic options. Megestrol acetate, a synthetic, orally active progestational agent, has been reported to stimulate appetite and weight gain. Data regarding the use of megestrol acetate for the treatment of cachexia related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection demonstrate convincingly its effectiveness in treating many patients with HIV-related anorexia and cachexia.
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PMID:HIV-related cachexia: potential mechanisms and treatment. 146 29

Diabetic neuropathic cachexia is characterized by neuropathic pain and severe weight loss of unknown aetiology. We describe four patients with diabetic neuropathic cachexia who were found to have malabsorption. Four diabetic patients presented with neuropathic pain, anorexia, depression and weight loss of 16 (range 10-21) kg. None complained of diarrhoea. There were three males and one female, median age 54 (46-67) years. A butterfat test showed a serum turbidity difference of 9 (6-10) light scattering units (normal greater than 60 units). The median serum xylose was low and there was delayed urinary xylose excretion. Urinary indicans, small bowel histology, liver function tests, and thyroid and renal function were normal. Ultrasound scans of liver, gall bladder and pancreas, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram were normal. The patients were treated with pancreatic supplements and a high calorie diet. Three have completely recovered and the other patient is improving. Thus these cases of diabetic neuropathic cachexia appeared to be associated with malabsorption which may be due to pancreatic dysfunction. It is suggested that the management of diabetic neuropathic cachexia should include the investigation and treatment of malabsorption.
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PMID:Diabetic neuropathic cachexia associated with malabsorption. 156 56

While the rate of malnutrition is relatively modest in alcoholic patients without alcoholic liver disease, the rate of malnutrition is virtually 100% in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and/or alcoholic cirrhosis. The reasons for malnutrition in the alcoholic hepatitis patient include various factors such as anorexia, poor diet, malabsorption, and altered metabolic state. When the patient is hospitalized, the malnutrition frequently worsens because of fasting for tests, continued anorexia, and complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients with severe acute hepatitis appear to be both hypermetabolic and hypercatabolic, whereas data are much more conflicting concerning patients with more stable liver disease. Most studies suggest that patients with alcoholic liver disease require at least 60 g of protein per day to maintain positive nitrogen balance. Consistent alterations in plasma amino acid profiles occur in alcoholic liver disease, and specialized nutritional formulations have been devised to correct this amino acid profile with the intent of improving overall nutritional status, hepatic encephalopathy, and mortality. The effects of nutritional support (including use of specialized products) on outcome, on acute hepatic encephalopathy, and on chronic or latent portal systemic encephalopathy are reviewed.
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PMID:Nutrition and alcoholic liver disease. 190 86

The total gastrectomy, as known can expose to some sequences which form on a pathophysiologic and clinic plain syndrome of "AGASTRIC". The most paradigmatic of these disturbances are the weight loss, the pain, the dyspepsia, the anorexia, can be erroneously interpreted as a recurrence of the neoplasm illness. On the base of these disturbances, there are some pathophysiological alterations associated to the resection. The postprandial distension syndrome, the dumping, the diarrhea, the anemia, can be relieved by an appropriated hygienic-diet therapy. The reflux of biliopancreatic secretion into the esophagus, the disturbances related to the duodenal exclusion, the accelerated transit can be loosed or reduced by a correct technic, while the cloridopeptic deficiency is obviously unresolvable. From 1981 till 1988, 43 patients were submitted to a total gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma (29 M, 14 F), having a middle age of 62 years: 30 with a radical intent (Ro), and 13 palliative. Besides 10 of the Ro group were submitted to a enlarged intervention. The digestive continuity was renewed through an interposition of isoperistaltic jejunal loop according Mouchet-Camey in 23 cases, by use of a dysfunctional loop according Roux en-Y in 5, and by esophagus-jejunal T-L anastomosis such omega, according Horloff in 2 cases. There were registered one decrease for A.R.D.S. All the patients were been followed according the follow-up protocol, for monitoring neoplasm evolution of the illness and the eventual metabolic-functional disturbances. In the periodic postoperative control all the patients with Mouchet-Camey reconstruction had no evidenced dumping syndrome, neither cases of malabsorption of the essential nutritive principles, with constant recover of the weight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Digestive continuity, after total gastrectomy for cancer, via the interposition of a jejunal loop]. 208 78

The appropriate choice of treatment for infants with diarrhea has long provoked debate. Growth of infants with diarrhea is adversely affected by associated diseases including anorexia, malabsorption, catabolic response to infection, and iatrogenic starvation. To prevent the negative effects of diarrhea on the nutrition of infants, continued feeding during the active and early convalescent phases has been recommended. Although this concept is not new, until recently it has been little used in the treatment of diarrhea. In this article we examine the current knowledge about, and trends in, feeding infants with diarrhea. We will discuss treatments for the well-nourished infant with acute diarrhea, the infant with prolonged diarrhea, and the malnourished infant. Information regarding the use of local staples will also be provided.
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PMID:Nutritional therapy for infants with diarrhea. 209 32

Even in the absence of anorexia and malabsorption, weight loss is frequently observed in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC). To investigate whether increased resting energy expenditure (REE) might be responsible for this weight loss, indirect calorimetry was performed in 18 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men free of clinically active opportunistic infections for at least 2 months. Patients with AIDS (n = 11) or ARC (n = 7) had 9% higher rates of REE when compared with 11 healthy volunteers (P less than .05) with similar food intake and of the same body composition. The results obtained from patients with AIDS or ARC were identical. As no differences were found between patients and controls in plasma concentrations of catecholamines, thyroid hormones, cortisol, or tumor necrosis factor, except for lower concentrations of norepinephrine in the patients (mean +/- SD, 233 +/- 111 v 367 +/- 125 ng/L, patients v controls, P less than .01), this hypermetabolism is not explained by higher levels of these catabolic hormones. The results indicate that even in the absence of acute concomitant infections, increased REE may contribute to the weight loss in patients with AIDS or ARC.
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PMID:Increased resting energy expenditure in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. 223 80

Relationships between nutrition and infection are generally complex, bidirectional, and not perfectly worked out. Healthy people can adapt to simple decreases in intake or increases in expenditure. However, the imposition of infection with associated cytokines may impair such adaptations, resulting in wasting of lean tissue. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, nutritional abnormalities are common. Lean body mass depletion is associated temporally with death in a subset of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Weakness, fatigue, and anorexia are important symptomatic complaints affecting quality of life. Pathophysiologic mechanisms remain speculative, although there is reason to suspect four theoretic factors: decreased intake, malabsorption, hypermetabolism, and altered metabolism. More than one disturbance may be necessary for clinical wasting to develop; ie, a primary abnormality plus a failure of homeostatic adaptation. Excess cytokine production also may be involved, but this is uncertain. Therapeutics remain empiric in the absence of known mechanisms. Current options are restricted to diet adjustments or supplements, treatment of underlying diseases (where possible), and rarely, parenteral alimentation. Promising investigational possibilities include an appetite stimulant (megestrol acetate) and therapies to oppose cytokine production or actions, but definitive beneficial effects on nutritional status, subjective performance, disease activity, or survival have not yet been demonstrated. Advances in clinical therapeutics await an improved understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms and carefully designed clinical trials testing proposed interventions.
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PMID:Current approach to the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-associated weight loss: pathophysiologic considerations and emerging management strategies. 225 24

Diarrhea affects approximately 330,000 travelers from industrialized nations each year. Diarrhea is a reflection of inadequate hygiene or waste disposal in the countries visited, usually developing countries. The greatest incidence occurs in 20-29 years olds who take the most dietary risks. Some foods that pose the greatest risk in descending order include raw oysters, steak tartare, ice cubes, washed vegetables, cold milk, puddings, and sandwiches with mixed fillings. 40% of all travelers have a self limiting and rarely grave diarrheal illness caused by local enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Following an incubation period of 5-9 days, symptoms appear (cramps, fever, and 10 or more diarrheal episodes/day). 5% are infected with Giardia lamblia and 4% with Entamoeba histolytica. Giardiasis occurs worldwide and is characterized by grumbling diarrhea, cramps, and flatulence. E. histolytica causes a severe illness characterized by colitis with bloody stools, anorexia, malaise, sweats, weight loss, and epigastric pain. Only 10-100 Shigella bacteria are required by cause shigellosis. Symptoms include blood and mucus in the diarrhea and malaise. A traveler who ingests food with 100,000 Salmonella bacteria in it most likely will fall ill 48 hours after eating the contaminated food. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers have an incubation period of about 12 days and may be fatal. Initial symptoms consists of headache, malaise, fever, and pain and 2 weeks later bloody diarrhea appears. Additional common diarrheal illnesses include cholera, post infectious tropical malabsorption, and those caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Campylobacter species. Another disease common in areas of poor hygiene is poliomyelitis with fever, sore throat, and headache present in mild forms. If the virus invades the central nervous system, however, paralysis occurs.
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PMID:Exotic diarrhoeal problems and poliomyelitis. 259 59

Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an inborn error of metabolism resulting in zinc malabsorption and severe zinc deficiency. From personal experience and a literature review the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Symptoms other than dermatitis, vary with age. Diarrhoea, mood changes, anorexia, and neurological disturbance were reported most frequently in infancy. Growth retardation, alopecia, weight loss and recurrent infections were prevalent in toddlers and schoolchildren. Spontaneous remission may occur at adolescence. 2. The severity of symptoms also varies. Intermittent or mild cases of the disease and those presenting with uncommon features such as ophthalmic, cerebral or hepatic involvement, are easily overlooked. In the severe cases this may result in a fatal outcome. If untreated, the overall mortality rate is 20%, being higher in males. 3. The laboratory diagnosis is hazardous. In patients, mean zinc values in serum, urine and hair were ca. 50% of normal levels. There is a 15% overlap with healthy controls; moreover, low zinc levels in serum, urine or hair are also found in other diseases. A more specific test is required. 4. In cases of doubt, in vitro or in vivo zinc absorption tests using radioisotopes (65Zn or 69mZn) may be performed. These appear not to be influenced by other conditions and show less overlap with controls. If such tests are unavailable, the clinical response to 3-30 mumol zinc/kg per day for 5 days may be awaited. This is recommended in infants or children with one or more symptoms of acrodermatitis enteropathica.
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of acrodermatitis enteropathica. 269 Dec 54


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