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Query: UMLS:C0024523 (malabsorption)
 7,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Short bowel syndrome causes a complex of symptoms due to compromise of small intestinal nutrient absorption. A 60-year-old woman underwent major resection of the small intestine due to a road accident 3 years ago. The sole manifestation of short-bowel-syndrome was superficial skin necrosis due to vitamin K deficiency. She was asymptomatic for a long time, until treatment with antibiotics further intensified initially subclinical malabsorption. It is not clear why there had been no other symptoms and why the main impact was on the fibrinolytic system rather than the coagulation system, as is usually the case. It is recommended that patients after major resection of the small intestine be closely monitored for coagulation function if an oral antibiotic is prescribed.
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PMID:[Superficial skin necrosis--an uncommon manifestation of short bowel syndrome]. 1095 28

Short-bowel syndrome refers to the clinical consequences that follow extensive resection of the small bowel. As a result of resection, malabsorption of macro- and micronutrients occurs. The prognosis after resection depends on the extent and location of resection, the presence of a colon, the function of the residual intestinal mucosa, and the extent of intestinal adaptation. Intestinal adaptation is influenced by the presence of intraluminal nutrients and various trophic peptides and hormones. This article discusses the dietary management of the patient with short-bowel syndrome and the recent literature on growth factors (ie, growth hormone and glutamine) and small-bowel transplantation.
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PMID:Nutritional support for the patient with short-bowel syndrome. 1098 Sep 69

Nutritional support to patients in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units is critical not only to minimize negative nitrogen balance but also to promote growth and development. Continuous technological and logistical advances in the Western countries have improved the efficacy and reduced the complications of parenteral nutrition (PN) to the extent that despite the constraints of cost and infrastructure, PN is now fast growing in India. Although widespread availability is very much desired, it is important that the technique is developed with considerable expertise and used judiciously with full knowledge of its indications, limitations, dangers and benefits. Indications for PN include surgical conditions (short gut syndrome), very low birth weight infants (particularly with necrotizing enterocolitis and surgical anomalies), malabsorption syndromes, conditions requiring bowel rest (acute pancreatitis, severe ulcerative colitis and necrotizing enterocolitis) and several non-gastrointestinal indications (end stage liver disease, renal failure, multiple trauma and extensive burns). Provision of PN is associated with significant and sometimes life threatening complications. The possible complications are technical (thrombosis, perforation of vein, thrombophlebitis), infections, metabolic disturbances, hepatobiliary stenosis, cholestasis, fibrosis, cirrhosis or cholelithiasis and bone related complications like osteopenia and fractures. Meticulous monitoring is necessary not only to detect complications but also to document clinical benefit.
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PMID:Pediatric parenteral nutrition in India. 1113 60

Extensive resection of the small bowel results in impaired digestion of macronutrients and malabsorption of nutrients, fluid, electrolytes, and minerals. Gastric acid hypersecretion and alterations in gut hormonal response further contribute to the problem. Diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte and acid/base abnormalities, and macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies ensue, and is termed the short bowel syndrome (SBS). Rare disorders, such as essential fatty acid deficiency and D-lactic acidosis, are a greater concern for the SBS patient. These patients' lives are significantly impacted, and they require close monitoring by a medical team knowledgeable about the disease and its nutritional, metabolic, and psychosocial consequences. Immediate therapies are directed toward fluid resuscitation, wound healing, and initiation of early nutrition support. After medical stabilization, multiple nutritional and medicinal therapies are used to aid bowel adaptation and prevent medical crisis. Advanced practice nurses should be knowledgeable about SBS to educate patients and families about this disease, associated therapies and changes in lifestyle, and how to detect and manage acute changes in medical condition.
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PMID:Management of the patient with short bowel syndrome. 1128 22

Many patients who undergo extensive resection of the gastrointestinal tract develop malabsorption which, in the worst cases, requires long-term parenteral nutrition at home, frequently on a permanent basis. Such patients can be defined as having intestinal failure resulting from the short bowel syndrome. In 1995, Wilmore's group hypothesized that the administration of growth factors and nutrients could enhance further adaptation of the remnant intestine and thereby improve absorption. The demonstrated, through controlled clinical trials, the benefit of such treatment among 47 adults with less than 200 cm of small intestine. Over the past few years, similar trials as well as animal experiments have been conducted by the same authors and other groups with conflicting results. We have performed a systematic search on the electronic databases for the purpose of identifying the evidence published so far on this subject. Our analysis suggests that the benefit of administering recombinant human growth hormone alone, or together with glutamine with or without a low-fat diet containing high-carbohydrate (fibre) is, if any, marginal.
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PMID:The effectiveness of growth hormone, glutamine and a low-fat diet containing high-carbohydrate on the enhancement of the function of remnant intestine among patients with short bowel syndrome: a review of published trials. 1140 65

Several reports have indicated that fecal elastase-1 (EL-1) determination is a new, sensitive, and specific noninvasive pancreatic function test; however, very few patients with malabsorption due to small intestine diseases have been included in the previous studies. The aim of the study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of fecal EL-1 and fecal chymotrypsin (FCT) in distinguishing between pancreatic maldigestion and intestinal malabsorption. Three groups of subjects were studied: group A included 49 patients with known cystic fibrosis (25 males, median age 5 years); group B included 43 subjects with various small intestine diseases (17 males, median age 6 years); and group C included 45 children without any history of gastrointestinal disease (22 males, median age 5 years). In all patients, stools were collected for 72 h on a standard diet and fecal EL-1, FCT, and steatocrit tests were performed. Both EL-1 and FCT were below normal limits in all CF patients with pancreatic maldigestion not treated with pancreatic enzyme (100% sensitivity for both assays); El-1, but not FCT, was also below normal in all the CF patients with pancreatic maldigestion treated with pancreatic extracts. Both EL-1 and FCT values in the CF group were significantly lower than in subjects with various small intestinal diseases and in children without any history of gastrointestinal disease (P < 0.0001). FCT, but not EL-1, values showed an inverse statistically significant correlation with steatocrit values in the whole CF group (P < 0.001); FCT was below normal in three of four CF patients with steatorrhea on pancreatic enzyme therapy. Both EL-1 and FCT had 100% specificity when calculated in children without any history of gastrointestinal disease; in contrast, specificity was 86% for EL-1 and 76% for FCT if we considered the control group with small intestinal diseases: low EL-1 was observed in two cases of intestinal giardiasis, two cases of short bowel syndrome, one case of celiac disease, and one case of intestinal pseudobstruction; FCT was abnormal in four cases of intestinal giardiasis, three cases of celiac disease, one case of short bowel syndrome, one case of Crohn's disease, and one case of intestinal pseudobstruction. Diagnostic accuracy was 92% for fecal EL-1 and 82% for FCT. Steatocrit values were over the normal limit in 11 patients with small intestine diseases; in 7/11 of these patients at least one of the pancreatic test results was below the normal limit. In conclusions, in patients with CF, fecal EL-1 determination is not more sensitive than FCT in identifying pancreatic maldigestion; however, fecal EL-1 assay is more specific than FCT determination in distinguishing pancreatic maldigestion from intestinal malabsorption.
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PMID:Diagnostic accuracy of fecal elastase 1 assay in patients with pancreatic maldigestion or intestinal malabsorption: a collaborative study of the Italian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1141 13

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) comprises the sequelae of nutrient, fluid, and weight loss that occurs subsequent to greatly reduced functional surface area of the small intestine. Signs and symptoms of SBS include electrolyte disturbances; deficiencies of calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, vitamin B12, or fat-soluble vitamin deficiency; malabsorption of carbohydrates, lactose, and protein; metabolic acidosis, gastric acid hypersecretion; formation of cholesterol biliary calculi and renal oxalate calculi; and dehydration, steatorrhea, diarrhea, and weight loss. Thorough nutritional management is the key factor in achieving an optimal outcome in SBS. Total parenteral nutrition is necessary in the early stages, as is replacement of excess fluid and electrolyte losses. Nutritional management of SBS has traditionally been divided into three phases: an acute phase when total parenteral nutrition is usually begun, an adaptation phase, and a maintenance phase. Recommendations regarding the need for parenteral nutrition vary depending on the presence or absence of certain factors: the ileocecal valve, jejunum, and functional colon. Patients with residual small bowel length of 100 cm or less usually require the administration of parenteral nutrition at home with good results. The total parenteral nutrition diet should consist of a majority of calories from fat, followed by protein, and the remaining as carbohydrates. Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements should also be added accordingly. Although total parenteral nutrition is initially necessary, treatment goals should focus on early transition to enteral nutrition followed by oral feeds. Other recent advances in the medical management of SBS include pharmacologic treatment and the use of specific nutrients and growth factors to stimulate intestinal absorption and adaptation. Both animal studies and clinical trials in humans have shown much promise in supplementation with growth factors and hormones. This strategy is likely to play a greater role in the treatment of SBS in the future.
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PMID:Nutritional management of short bowel syndrome in adults. 1187 98

Short bowel syndrome is a clinical entity that results from a diverse group of congenital and acquired conditions in the pediatric population. The pathophysiology of this syndrome is characterized by malabsorption, malnutrition, and metabolic disturbances. The vast majority of children with this condition undergo spontaneous adaptation of the intestinal remnant and achieve enteral nutritional autonomy. However, a small portion of pediatric patients develop intestinal failure and require long-term or permanent dependence on total parenteral nutrition. These children may benefit from surgical interventions that facilitate intestinal adaptation. Such adjunctive procedures facilitate nutrient absorption by improving motility, prolonging intestinal transit, and/or increasing mucosal contact time. In selected patients, this may allow them to be weaned from parenteral nutritional support or to have it discontinued. The purpose of this review is to discuss the various surgical techniques for the management of short bowel syndrome in children, along with their indications, complications, and outcomes.
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PMID:The surgical management of short bowel syndrome. 1201 Jun 24

Few conditions pose as great a challenge, in terms of long term nutritional care, as short bowel syndrome (SBS). Despite the complexity of care which children with SBS require, the great improvement in the prognosis and outcome over the past few decades can be attributed, in great measure, to advancements in both parenteral and enteral nutrition support. Most children can maintain normal growth and development while intestinal adaptation occurs, and ultimately achieve independence from parenteral nutrition. This review focuses on the nutritional consequences of severe malabsorption clinical problems which influence nutritional status, and parenteral and enteral nutritional recommendations. The importance of aggressive and persistant efforts with enteral feeding as a primary therapy to enhance bowel adaptation and tominimize complications is emphasized.
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PMID:[NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME] 1219 14

Short-bowel syndrome refers to malabsorption, diarrhea, and weight loss following an extensive resection of small bowel. A main consequence is malabsorption of macro- and micronutrients. Nutritional outcome after intestinal resection depends on the extent and location of resection, presence of ileocecal valve and a colon, functional status of the residual intestine, and adaptation. Intraluminal nutrients and trophic factors are critical for intestinal adaptation. The dietary management is focused on the enhancement of intestinal adaptation and optimal caloric intake. Patients with short-bowel syndrome require an individualized diet, and some may require total parenteral nutrition indefinitely. Growth hormone, glutamine, and GLP-2 are reviewed with emphasis on their current use in clinical practice. The nutritional aspect of short-bowel syndrome is complex, with the ultimate goal of weaning the patients from parenteral nutrition. Intestinal transplant is a treatment option for select patients.
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PMID:Nutritional management of short bowel syndrome. 1223 Mar 19


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