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Query: UMLS:C0024523 (malabsorption)
 7,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

At the Diarrhoeal Disease Research and Rehydration Centre of Bab El-Sha'reya Hospital in Cairo, Egypt, clinical researchers randomly assigned 90 fully weaned boys aged 3-24 months with non-cholera diarrhea and signs of moderate dehydration to either the treatment group receiving the standard glucose-based oral rehydration solution (ORS) or the group receiving a reduced-osmolarity ORS with minimally hydrolyzed maltodextrins (MD) (50 g/l) in place of glucose (20 g/l). They wanted to determine whether the reduced-osmolarity, MD-based ORS yielded similar benefits as the glucose-based ORS and to examine the effect of sugar malabsorption on the efficacy of both solutions. The osmolarity of the MD-based ORS was 227 mmol/l compared to 311 mmol/l for the standard ORS. There were no significant differences in the clinical outcomes (duration of diarrhea, stool output, ORS intake, serum sodium level, and weight gain at discharge) for each treatment group. High stool output had a significant positive association with longer duration of diarrhea (33 vs. 15 hours for low stool output; p 0.01), a persistently elevated serum sodium concentration (149 vs. 144 mmol/l for low stool output; p 0.02), the need for intravenous infusion (11/41 vs. 0/48 for low stool output; p 0.002), and an increase in substances that reduce feces (10.8 vs. 3.4 g/l for low stool output; p 0.001). Based on these findings, the researchers hypothesized that, like the standard ORS, the reduced osmolarity ORS, in which glucose is replaced with MD, also caused sugar malabsorption. The sugar malabsorption, in turn, increased the effective intraluminal osmolarity to equal or exceed that of the standard ORS. Both sugar malabsorption and intraluminal hypertonicity were responsible for a net flow of water from extracellular fluid into the gut, an increased serum sodium concentration, increased thirst leading to greater intake of ORS, ORS treatment failure, an increase in stool output, and an increase in duration of diarrhea. In conclusion, reduced-osmolarity, glucose-based ORS is superior to the standard glucose-based ORS and reduced-osmolarity, MD-based ORS.
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PMID:Efficacy of standard glucose-based and reduced-osmolarity maltodextrin-based oral rehydration solutions: effect of sugar malabsorption. 900 27

Effective clinical therapy to augment intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes does not exist; the gut hormone, peptide YY (PYY), is a potent proabsorptive agent in animal models. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of two novel PYY analogs, BIM-43073D and BIM-43004C, on intestinal absorption. Dogs with ileal Thiry-Vella fistulae (TVF) were treated with either PYY, BIM-43073D, or BIM-43004C. Administration of BIM-43073D significantly increased water and sodium absorption over baseline and maintained this level of increased absorption for a longer duration than an equimolar dose of PYY. Administration of BIM-43004C significantly increased sodium and water absorption over baseline at a level equal to that of PYY. The novel PYY analogs, BIM-43073D and BIM-43004C, are effective proabsorptive agents with BIM-43073D producing more sustained effects than PYY. These compounds may be clinically useful in the treatment of gut malabsorption in conditions such as cholera, Crohn's disease, and the short-bowel syndrome.
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PMID:Characterization of two novel proabsorptive peptide YY analogs, BIM-43073D and BIM-43004C. 1008 Jan 63

Inhibition of electroneutral NaCl absorption by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) results in fluid malabsorption in cholera. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) stimulate electroneutral NaCl absorption from the colon. The present study investigated effects of elevated cAMP on SCFA-stimulated NaCl absorption in rat distal colon. The effect of SCFA on fluxes of 22Na and 36Cl was studied under voltage-clamp conditions, in the presence and absence of secretagogues inducing mucosal cAMP elevation [ie, theophylline, cholera toxin (CT) and forskolin]. The effect of butyrate concentration on Na absorption in CT- and theophylline-treated mucosa was compared with control normal mucosa. cAMP was measured in isolated colonocytes in the presence of secretagogues with and without SCFA using a radioassay method. All secretagogues were noted to inhibit net Na absorption and to induce net Cl secretion. In the presence of SCFA, net Na absorption was normal, and net Cl secretion was partly reversed. The flux data indicated that NaCl absorption from secreting colon was stimulated by SCFA and that Cl secretion was partially inhibited. The effects of SCFA on NaCl absorption were similar regardless of the secretagogue used. The kinetics of butyrate-stimulated Na absorption were altered by theophylline and CT, which decreased Km (6.87 and 7.17, respectively, compared to 10.75 mM for control) and increased Vmax (4.55 and 8.33 compared to 3.45 mM/eq/cm2/hr for control). cAMP production by colonocytes in response to secretory stimuli was significantly reduced (34.4%) by butyrate but not by acetate or propionate. In conclusion, SCFA-stimulated Na absorption is up-regulated by cAMP and may be an absorptive pathway that can be utilized in the therapy of cholera. Effects of butyrate on cAMP generation are also likely to be useful in secretory diarrhea.
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PMID:Stimulation of sodium chloride absorption from secreting rat colon by short-chain fatty acids. 1050 36

One of the important consequences of the infection-nutrition interaction is mediated by malabsorption associated with chronic inflammation in the intestine, enteritis. Studies made possible after development of the peroral intestinal biopsy technique in the 1950s indicated the wide prevalence of enteropathy, particularly in tropical developing countries with poor levels of sanitation. Some consider this so-called subclinical tropical malabsorption to be the base of an iceberg, whose tip is tropical sprue, a severe form of malabsorption leading to nutritional deficiency that had been reported in colonial expatriates in tropical countries for 200 y. Some of the first demonstrations of the prevalence of tropical enteritis in Asia were made in quest of the pathologic lesion of cholera, and further examination of the water and electrolyte, as well as nutrient, malabsorption in cholera led serendipitously to the discovery of the oral rehydration solution for the treatment of diarrheal disease.
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PMID:Tropical enteritis: nutritional consequences and connections with the riddle of cholera. 1251 21

Secondary active glucose transport occurs by at least four members of the SLC5 gene family. This review considers the structure and function of two premier members, SGLT1 and SGLT2, and their role in intestinal glucose absorption and renal glucose reabsorption. Genetics disorders of SGLTs include Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption, and Familial Renal Glucosuria. SGLT1 plays a central role in Oral Rehydration Therapy used so effectively to treat secretory diarrhoea such as cholera. Increasing attention is being focused on SGLTs as drug targets for the therapy of diabetes.
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PMID:Active sugar transport in health and disease. 1722 66

The sustained effort to witness and participate in the targeted translation of nutritional science and policy forms the structure of this narrative. The memoir starts with an early career-directing experience with nutrition and cholera and proceeds with a long thread of interest in folic acid malabsorption as one of the determinants of nutritional anemia in Asia and the tropics. The thread continues with the relationship of folate and associated vitamins to brain function and aging as a prototype of the study of the interface of aging biology and nutritional biology. My current interest in world hunger and famine and their impact on human security may circle back to studies of the great Bengal famine and the first Bangladesh survey of malnutrition.
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PMID:Translating nutrition science into policy as witness and actor. 1859 36


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