Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024523 (malabsorption)
 7,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A high percentage of hospitalized patients are malnourished. By means of biochemical examinations (visceral proteins), anthropometric measurements (body mass, triceps skinfold, arm muscle circumference, creatinine index) and immunological methods (total lymphocyte count in the blood, skin testing with test antigens) it is possible to classify nutritional conditions in severity and kind of malnutrition. 158 patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the GI-tract and cancer without generalization were studied by means of an exact nutritional assessment and by means of the modified D-xylose test. There was no significant correlation between the degree of malnutrition and the extent of intestinal absorption. Only in 5.7 per cent of malnourished patients existed a malabsorption.
 ...
PMID:[Nutritional status and small intestine absorption]. 310 29

The role of nutritional factors in the management of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related, or epidemic, Kaposi's sarcoma (EKS) is complex, since there are known interactions between malnutrition, immunodeficiency, and cancer. Malnutrition is a well-established cause of immune aberrations, which are seen in deficiencies of both protein and energy, as well as specific nutrients, particularly trace metals. Conversely, malnutrition is a common result of both cancer and immunodeficiency. Cancer patients without an obviously immunological pathogenesis frequently have malnutrition and cachexia, mainly as a result of a decreased dietary intake and poorly defined host-tumor interactions (commonly labeled "hypermetabolic"). Patients with primary immunodeficiency syndromes similarly experience a triad of diarrhea, malabsorption, and weight loss, which are responsible for the development of malnutrition. This triad is common in patients with AIDS, with or without the presence of Kaposi's sarcoma. The specific mechanisms of these interactions in EKS patients are largely unexplored; although some can be explained by the enteropathic effects of opportunistic infections, others can not. Some investigators have advocated careful nutritional evaluation of all AIDS patients, with vigorous nutritional support to be provided where assessment reveals suboptimal nutritional status. Specific nutrient deficiencies have been reported, of which selenium may be the most interesting; preliminary data indicate that it may be responsible for a malnutrition-related immunodepression seen with AIDS. Such supportive measures may significantly improve symptomatic relief, but there is as yet no evidence that they alter the course of the disease.
 ...
PMID:Nutritional factors in epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma. 311 Sep 57

Ambulatory total parenteral nutrition (TPN) at home was used in 85 patients within a 6-yr period. Indications include severe malabsorption, fistulas, anorexia nervosa, and malignancies. The median duration of home TPN (HPN) was 67 days (range: 30-4,155 days). HPN duration for patients with benign diseases was longer [357.12 days (range: 30-4,155 days)] than for cancer patients [93.54 days (range: 30-421 days)]. Under HPN, patients gained a good nutritional status with an increase of total protein (p less than 0.001) and serum albumin levels (p less than 0.001). Weight gain was also significant (p less than 0.001). The rehospitalization rate was low (7.8%), but it was higher when HPN lasted for more than 3 months (10.87% +/- 1.58%) compared with short-term HPN (5.69% +/- 1.25%). Metabolic complications were unusual, and rehospitalization was related to the oncological treatment and/or infectious complications. Therefore, ambulatory HPN is a nutritional support that can significantly improve the life of patients with alimentary failure. Moreover, HPN allows significant cost savings compared to the alternative of prolonged hospitalization.
 ...
PMID:Ambulatory home total parenteral nutrition. 311 94

The nutritional status of a tumor patient can be negatively influenced by the local and systemic effects of the malignant tumor (tumor cachexia, anorexia, difficult oral food intake), by the effects of the various antitumoral therapy modalities (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy), and by the complications associated with such modalities (anorexia, nausea, vomiting, mucositis, xerostomia, alterations of the smell and taste sensations, odynophagia, dysphagia, maldigestion, malabsorption, diarrhea, steatorrhea, conditioned aversions, radiogenic late effects), as well as by the psychological reactions of the patient to the real or feared existence of his tumor. The radiation-induced nutritional disorders depend on the tumor localization, the region irradiated, the dose and length of radiotherapy, the fractionation, the volume irradiated, and the combination with other therapeutic modalities ("combined modality therapy"). The acute radiation-induced reactions are usually of limited duration and for this reason tend to interfere with the nutritional status to a lesser extent than the permanent chronic consequences of irradiation. Weight loss and malnutrition tend to develop particularly in patients in whom segments of the gastrointestinal tract are subjected to irradiation. The incidence and severity of deficient nutrition depend not only on the region irradiated (head-neck region, thorax, abdomen, pelvis) but also, and most particularly, on the volume of the digestive tract irradiated. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy combined act very strongly on rapidly proliferating cell populations (skin, mucosa, epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract). In this context, actinomycin D and adriamycin act like real sensitizers, whereas the majority of the other drugs are likely to produce only an additive effect. The first named cytostatics give rise to the so-called recall phenomenon, i.e., the reactivation of latent radiation effects in response to the subsequent administration of the drug. Malnutrition impairs organ function and ultimately results in increased morbidity and mortality. For this reason it has proven mandatory and reasonable that the organism of all tumor patients suffering from malnutrition is provided with the missing essential nutrients (especially amino acids for protein synthesis). This tends to clearly improve the Karnofsky performance status, with a positive effect on response rates, toxicity, and survival rates in retrospective studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Recent Results Cancer Res 1988
PMID:Malnutrition and the role of nutritional support for radiation therapy patients. 314 Mar 23

Magnesium is an important element for health and disease. Magnesium, the second most abundant intracellular cation, has been identified as a cofactor in over 300 enzymatic reactions involving energy metabolism and protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Approximately half of the total magnesium in the body is present in soft tissue, and the other half in bone. Less than 1% of the total body magnesium is present in blood. Nonetheless, the majority of our experimental information comes from determination of magnesium in serum and red blood cells. At present, we have little information about equilibrium among and state of magnesium within body pools. Magnesium is absorbed uniformly from the small intestine and the serum concentration controlled by excretion from the kidney. The clinical laboratory evaluation of magnesium status is primarily limited to the serum magnesium concentration, 24-hour urinary excretion, and percent retention following parenteral magnesium. However, results for these tests do not necessarily correlate with intracellular magnesium. Thus, there is no readily available test to determine intracellular/total body magnesium status. Magnesium deficiency may cause weakness, tremors, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia. The causes of hypomagnesemia are reduced intake (poor nutrition or IV fluids without magnesium), reduced absorption (chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, or bypass/resection of bowel), redistribution (exchange transfusion or acute pancreatitis), and increased excretion (medication, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, renal tubular disorders, hypercalcemia, hyperthyroidism, aldosteronism, stress, or excessive lactation). A large segment of the U.S. population may have an inadequate intake of magnesium and may have a chronic latent magnesium deficiency that has been linked to atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertension, cancer, kidney stones, premenstrual syndrome, and psychiatric disorders. Hypermagnesemia is primarily seen in acute and chronic renal failure, and is treated effectively by dialysis.
 ...
PMID:Magnesium metabolism in health and disease. 328 51

In two white adults born, raised, and living in central France and presenting with long-lasting malabsorption, massive and diffuse lymphoid infiltrate of the lamina propria associated with crypt scarcity was found along the whole small bowel. It was mostly composed of mature lymphocytes, focally mixed with plasma cells and reactive germinal centers. There was no evidence of celiac disease, systemic or intestinal immune deficiency or alpha-chain disease, overt lymphoid malignancy, or stagnant-loop syndrome. By immunofluorescence the infiltrate was constituted in 1 case of polyclonal B cells and, in the other, of a large majority of T11, T8, T10, and class II-positive T cells associated with a population of monotypic B cells. A gluten-free diet and parenteral nutrition proved ineffective. A dramatic and protracted clinical response was observed in both patients after the onset of oral tetracycline therapy, and still persists after 8 and 5.5 yr, respectively, together with morphologically unchanged small bowel infiltrate. These cases may be the equivalents, in people from Western developed countries, of the predominantly lymphocytic variety of the immunoproliferative small intestinal disease described in people from developing countries.
 ...
PMID:Diffuse small intestinal lymphoid infiltration in nonimmunodeficient adults from Western Europe. 274 69

A decline in nutritional status is seen in many, but not all cancer patients. The factors leading to this decline are complex and include anorexia, malabsorption and alterations in energy expenditure. The end result of this decline is cachexia, but it is questionable whether this syndrome differs materially from that seen in severe undernutrition arising from other causes. Of the measurable changes in body composition taking place in cancer patients those of most importance are losses of lean tissue, which result in a reduced functional capacity for organ systems. Such losses are difficult to detect because accumulated water may mask many of the early changes in composition and make conventional assessment of nutritional status unreliable. Nutritional support should be provided for undernourished patients, irrespective of the primary cause of their poor nutrition, but there is no convincing evidence that the treatment of nutritional deficiencies alone improves the outcome in cancer patients.
 ...
PMID:Nutritional status in cancer. 329 41

The possible effects of environmental factors on childhood lymphatic leukemia and intestinal lymphoma are reviewed. It is suggested that the subtype of childhood acute leukemia is determined by a spontaneous mutation in the proliferating lymphoid pool. The latter is affected by environmental factors such as the type of infections in the pediatric population. The changing leukemia subtype pattern in the Gaza Strip and the fact that intestinal lymphoma with malabsorption has practically disappeared from Israel strongly suggest that environmental factors do play a role in lymphatic malignancies.
 ...
PMID:Environment and malignancies of the lymphatic system. 333

Biliary and fecal bile acid composition was studied in 13 patients 3-12 years after a partial ileal bypass operation and in 10 unoperated controls, all with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Three operated patients were taking cholestyramine. The relative amount of cholic acid in the bile was decreased at the expense of chenodeoxycholic acid in the operated subjects. Chenodeoxycholic acid content of the bile correlated negatively with the fractional cholesterol absorption, suggesting that in compromised absorption chenodeoxycholic acid is absorbed more efficiently than cholic acid. Despite a ninefold increase in total bile acid synthesis the cholic/chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis ratio was not significantly different in the operated and control subjects. However, the lower the chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis the higher was the proportion of deoxycholic acid in the bile and feces, suggesting regulation of chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis by deoxycholic acid. Ileal exclusion had increased the proportion of primary bile acids in the feces from below 10 to over 50%. Despite increased fecal water excretion the concentration of fecal total and dihydroxy bile acids was higher in the operated than in control subjects. However, the fecal concentration of the potentially cancer-promoting bile acids, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, was not increased in the operated subjects. In the operated subjects, fecal water output was positively correlated with total bile acid and chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis. It is concluded that the severe bile acid malabsorption caused by ileal exclusion activates the synthesis of both primary bile acids in similar amount. However, after ileal exclusion the relative amount of cholic acid in the bile is decreased, obviously because loss of ileal absorption predominantly affects the absorption of cholic acid.
 ...
PMID:Fecal and biliary bile acid composition after partial ileal bypass operation. 339 74

Cholestyramine, colestipol, clofibrate, gemfibrozil, nicotinic acid (niacin), probucol, neomycin, and dextrothyroxine are the most commonly used drugs in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemic disorders. While adverse reaction data are available for all of them, definitive data regarding the frequency and severity of potential adverse effects from well-controlled trials using large numbers of patients (greater than 1000) are available only for cholestyramine, clofibrate, nicotinic acid and dextrothyroxine. In adult patients treated with cholestyramine, gastrointestinal complaints, especially constipation, abdominal pain and unpalatability are most frequently observed. Continued administration along with dietary manipulation (e.g. addition of dietary fibre) and/or stool softeners results in diminished complaints during long term therapy. Large doses of cholestyramine (greater than 32 g/day) may be associated with malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Most significantly, osteomalacia and, on rare occasions, haemorrhagic diathesis are reported with cholestyramine impairment of vitamin D and vitamin K absorption, respectively. Paediatric patients have been reported to experience hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis or gastrointestinal obstruction. Concurrent administration of acidic drugs may result in their reduced bioavailability. Serious adverse reactions to clofibrate will probably limit its role in the future. Of particular concern are ventricular arrhythmias, induction of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, and the potential for promoting gastrointestinal malignancy which far outweigh the reported benefits in preventing new or recurrent myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death and overall death. Patients with renal disease are particularly prone to myositis, secondary to alterations in protein binding and impaired renal excretion of clofibrate. Drug interactions with coumarin anticoagulants and sulphonylurea compounds may produce bleeding episodes and hypoglycaemia, respectively. Nicotinic acid produces frequent adverse effects, but they are usually not serious, tend to decrease with time, and can be managed easily. Dermal and gastrointestinal reactions are most common. Truncal and facial flushing are reported in 90 to 100% of treated patients in large clinical trials. Significant elevations of liver enzymes, serum glucose, and serum uric acid are occasionally seen with nicotinic acid therapy. Liver enzyme elevations are more common in patients given large dosage increases over short periods of time, and in patients treated with sustained release formulations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Adverse effects of hypolipidaemic drugs. 354 4


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>