Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024312 (lymphopenia)
 4,859 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

FTY720 is a synthetic compound produced by modification of metabolite from Isaria sinclairii. It is a novel type of immunosuppressive agent inhibiting lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid tissues, thereby causing peripheral lymphopenia. Growing evidences have suggested that apoptosis and autophagy were involved in the secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI) although FTY720 exerted neuroprotective effects in a variety of neurological diseases except TBI. The present study was aimed to investigate the role of FTY720 in a mouse model of TBI. In experiment 1, ICR mice were divided into four groups: sham group, TBI group, TBI + vehicle group, and TBI + FTY720 group. And the injured cerebral cortex (including both contused and penumbra) was used for analysis. We found that FTY720 administration after TBI improved neurobehavioral function, alleviated brain edema, accompanied by modulation of apoptotic indicators such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, and cytochrome c. In experiment 2, ICR mice were also divided into four groups: sham group, TBI + vehicle group, TBI + FTY720 group, and TBI + FTY720 + inhibitors group. And the injured cerebral cortex (including both contused and penumbra) was used for analysis. We found that FTY720 increased the expression of phospho-protein kinase B (AKT) and some autophagy markers such as LC3 and Beclin 1. In addition, the apoptosis inhibition effect of FTY720 was partly abrogated by the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002 and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. Collectively, our data provide the first evidence that FTY720 exerted neuroprotective effects after TBI, at least in part, through the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway and autophagy.
 ...
PMID:Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis is Reduced Through Modulation of PI3K and Autophagy Pathways in Mouse by FTY720. 2609 3

Dying cells subjected to apoptotic programs are engulfed by neighboring cells or by professional phagocytes, without inflammation or immunological reactions in the tissue where apoptosis takes place. Apoptotic cells release danger-associated project signals to their neighbours, through different molecular patterns, stimulate antigen production and immune responses. Microenvironmental effects with several functional consequences indicate that cell death is a complex process and may take place in several ways. This idea is expressed by the title of the Special Issue and by the title of the guest editorial "Mille modis morimur" meaning that not only multicellular organisms, but also single cells may die in a thousand ways. This idea is demonstrated by the papers serving as examples for cell death. Apoptosis was induced by clary sage oil in Candida cells. Heavy metal (Gd) induced cell motility and apoptosis was found in mammalian cells. RNA oxidation enhanced the reversion frequency of apoptosis in yeast mutants. The frequency of apoptotic micronucleus formation increased in a concentration-dependent manner by methotrexate. The antioxidant coenzyme Q10 protected renal proximal tubule cells against nicotine-induced apoptosis. The synergy of 2-deoxy-D-glucose combined with berberine induced lysosome/autophagy. The mitochondrial apoptotic pathway could be regulated by glucocorticoid receptor in collaboration with Bcl-2 family proteins in developing T cells. Cylindrospermopsin induced biochemical changes led to apoptosis in plants. Mechanisms of stress seriously impacted the risk of apoptosis. Transcriptional control of apoptotic cell clearance was achieved by macrophage nuclear receptors. Finally, the clinical aspects of apoptosis-induced lymphopenia were reviewed in sepsis and other severe injuries. These examples not only support the view of many ways of cell death, but predict further potential ways to induce or reduce the risk of cell death.
 ...
PMID:Mille modis morimur: We die in a thousand ways. 2787 56


<< Previous 1 2 3 4