Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024312 (lymphopenia)
 4,859 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pigmented rabbits were sensitized by subcutaneous injection of BCG together with Freund's complete adjuvant and heat killed tubercle bacilli together with adjuvant. After the titer of serum antibody to BGG was elevated or tuberculin skin test became positive, choroiditis was induced in these eyes by an injection of BGG or PPD directly through the posterior sclera in the vicinity of the optic nerve. The eyes were enucleated at various intervals and the choroid was studied by light and electron microscopy. In the choroid challenged with BGG, infiltrates such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes were seen, in early stages, invading in the posterior segment and peripheral area near the ciliary body. These cells decreased in number within a few days, and after one week a few plasma cells were detected in the posterior uvea. In the choroid challenged with PPD, infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes was seen in early stages, reaching its peak in 48 hours. After 4 and 5 days lymphocytes decreased in number, but monocytes showed mitotic and phagocytotic activity, and accumulated near the sclera. After one week typical epithelioid cells were detected along the suprachoroidal space. These events were restricted within the choroid. The results obtained suggest, that in the focal immune reaction of the choroid, the cellular sequence of events and the range of tissue involved are different depending upon the kinds of antigen used. It may indicate humoral immunity on one side and cell-mediate immunity on the other.
 ...
PMID:[Electron microscopic study on the focal immune response in the choroid (author's transl)]. 35 83

Twenty-two patients with cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma were treated with intralesional injections of the methanol extraction residue of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (MER). The local reaction consisted of erythema and pustule formation followed by ulceration and tumor necrosis. Side effects included fever, chills, headache and malaise in the majority of patients; nausea, vomiting, cyanosis and hypotension occurred infrequently. Hypersensitivity reactions were not observed. Temporary abnormalities in liver function were seen in 11 of 19 patients tested. Reversible lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia developed in 7 of 17 and 7 of 18 patients, respectively. Immune function, as measured by skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity and the in vitro response of isolated lymphocytes to mitogens and microbial antigens, was not influenced by treatment with MER. Transient increases were observed in total hemolytic complement, complement components and the reduction of nitroblue-tetrazolium by neutrophils. Eight of eighteen evaluable patients showed a complete disappearance of all injected lesions. We conclude that intratumoral injection of MER is effective treatment for cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma, with a complete response rate comparable to that observed after intralesional injection of BCG.
 ...
PMID:Intralesional injection of the methanol extraction residue of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (MER) into cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma. 72 66

Cell mediated immunocompetence was measured serially in 35 patients with malignant melanoma in order to determine the effect of extent of disease and prognosis as well as the influence of BCG immunotherapy on immune reactivity. Compared with normal adult controls, statistically significant lymphopenia occurred only in patients with widespread disease. Seventeen of 21 patients with negative pre-therapy PPD skin test converted to skin test positivity. PHA blastogenesis was depressed only in patients in the pre-terminal stages of their disease using optimal mitogen concentrations for stimulation. Threshold concentrations of this mitogen more clearly demonstrated a depressed responsiveness which correlated in severity with extent of disease. PPD induced blastogenesis was normal or increased in the majority of patients; however, the degree of stimulation by PPD was less in the BCG induced convertors than in those patients who were skin test positive before BCG treatment. Comparison of the pre- and post BCG assessments reveals no significant differences except in relation to PPD conversion. We conclude that using threshold concentrations of PHA, impaired responses are regularly associated with disease beyond the regional lymph nodes. Routine assessment of lymphocyte function by these parameters did not provide information that was not available from clinical evaluation.
 ...
PMID:Cellular immunocompetence in melanoma: effect of extent of disease and immunotherapy. 123 77

97 symptom-free homosexuals were studied clinically, serologically, and with in-vivo and in-vitro tests of cellular immune function in the context of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A high proportion of these men showed abnormalities: lymphopenia (33%), decreased T-helper/T-suppressor (Th/Ts) cell ratios (43%), both these abnormalities (12%), decreased total T-helper cells (15%), monocyte chemotactic (10%) and phagocytic (27%) defects, anergy to three recall antigens (32%), and anergy to purified protein derivative despite BCG inoculation (55%). The lymphocyte abnormalities and anergy characteristic of AIDS were seen in 5%. No clear clinical or serological associations were seen for the AIDS-like defects. Trends of association were seen between higher lymphocyte counts, lower Th/Ts ratios, more T-suppressor cells and serological evidence of previous virus infection. The combination of lymphocyte abnormalities and anergy observed in these symptom-free homosexuals may represent a latent phase of AIDS.
 ...
PMID:Studies of cellular immunity in male homosexuals in London. 613 80

The content of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in plasma, blood, native neutrophils, in the same neutrophils after their incubation with a killed BGC culture and in the incubation medium was measured in 74 patients with various types of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Twelve healthy volunteers formed a control group. PAF was measured by the rabbit platelet aggregation technique. Higher plasma PAF levels were found in half the patients. The highest plasma PAF concentration was observed in the newly revealed patients, in cases with forming cavities in the lung tissue, in those discharged a lot of sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and in those with lymphopenia. PAF content in the native neutrophils of patients was 10 times as high as that in healthy persons. Incubation with the killed BCG culture had no influence on PAF content in the control neutrophils, but greatly increased individual differences in patients. The concentration of PAF in the incubation media of stimulated neutrophils from tuberculosis patients was 3 times higher than in the controls.
 ...
PMID:[Platelet activating factor and pulmonary tuberculosis]. 767 Mar 43

Urothelial carcinoma is the most common urological malignancy. Nonspecific immunotherapy using the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine has long been the mainstay for the treatment of high-risk superficial bladder carcinoma in an adjuvant setting after transurethral endoscopic resection. In metastatic disease, cisplatin-based chemotherapy remains the main therapeutic modality. In Europe, the standard second-line chemotherapy for patients with cisplatin-refractory tumours is vinflunine. Other systemic treatments with a lower level of evidence include paclitaxel and docetaxel. Studies of tumour microenvironment indicate a significant role for the immune system in the pathogenesis of urothelial tumours and the presence of a CD8 lymphocyte infiltrate is associated with better survival. In urothelial tumours, the correlation between PD-L1 expression in the tumour and the response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors has been repeatedly demonstrated in clinical studies. Several inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway are undergoing advanced-phase clinical trials and atezolizumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab have already have received permanent or temporary registration status in the United States, mostly as second-line treatments for patients progressing on cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Three of these agents are currently registered in Europe: nivolumab for second line treatment and atezolizumab and pembrolizumab for first line treatment in patients not eligible for cisplatin as well as and for second line treatment. These novel immunotherapeutic agents for bladder cancer are relatively well tolerated and therefore potentially useful for patients with contraindications or intolerance to platinum regimens. The main toxicities include asthenia/fatigue, lymphopenia, anaemia, musculoskeletal pain, decreased appetite, and nausea.Key words: bladder cancer - imunotherapy - PD-1 receptor - antibodies - monoclonal This work was supported by the Czech Ministry of Health CR - RVO Thomayer Hospital - TN 0064190. The author declare he has no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.Submitted: 29. 8. 2017Accepted: 3. 10. 2017.
 ...
PMID:[Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer]. 2923 87