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Query: UMLS:C0024312 (lymphopenia)
 4,859 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The peripheral blood response to intramuscular injection of 10 units ACTH in dogs was investigated because no experimental evidence for the standardization of this procedure for clinical use was available. Following the injection of ACTH in sodium chloride solution, neutrophilia, monocytosis, eosinopenia, and lymphopenia occurred. With the exception of eosinopenia, the greatest change in the concentration of each cell type in peripheral blood occurred between 2 and 4 hours post injection. The maximum change in eosinophil numbers occurred between 4 and 6 hours post injection. When all cell types were considered, 4 hours post injection was the most suitable time to measure the cellular response in peripheral blood in dogs which respond to ACTH. The data indicate that change in the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes (N/L) prior to and at 2 to 4 hours after ACTH injection in normal dogs was a sensitive index of response and occured sooner than eosinopenia. The extent of change in the N/L ratio was such that accuracy in interpretation could be obtained by counting as few as 40 cells.
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PMID:Estimating adrenal cortical function in dogs with ACTH. 20 14

The central nervous and immune systems share a number of common properties, e.g. neurotransmitter receptors. In contrast to age matched healthy and/or hypertensive controls, the total lymphocyte count in 25 carefully diagnosed and staged patients with primary degenerative dementia were significantly reduced and also correlated with the severity of their dementia. Subjects' age, age of dementia onset, or duration of illness were unrelated. Total leukocyte counts were similar between groups. Nutritional status, ACTH, or plasma cortisol in dementia cohort were also not explanatory of their lymphopenia. These results are potentially significant in light of an immune hypothesis for primary degenerative dementia: Alzheimer's type and/or that population's high concomitant risk of infection.
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PMID:Lymphopenia in primary degenerative dementia. 256 1

Further study of the response to chronic stress stimulation in the early postnatal phase showed that the i.p. injection of physiological saline (stress stimulation) induced lymphopenia, a 50% decrease in the incorporation of 3H-leucine into isolated lymphocytes and a decrease in the weight of the thymus in 7-day-old male rats. No such changes were observed in adult animals. If repeated doses of phenobarbital were administered to stressed young rats, however, lymphopenia did not occur and the rate of the incorporation of 3H-leucine into isolated lymphocytes was not different from the control value; the protein content of the lymphocytes was significantly raised, however. In adult animals, phenobarbital increased the rate of incorporation of 3H-leucine into the lymphocytes. The repeated administration of phenobarbital reduced the weight of the thymus in both young and adult animals, but a decrease in spleen weight was recorded only in the young animals. A single i.p. injection of ACTH or dexamethasone caused lymphopenia and slowed down the incorporation of 3H-leucine into the lymphocytes of both young and adult animals. The results show that the striking decrease observed in the rate of the liver metabolism of corticosterone in suckling young rats not injured by repeated stress stimulation is accompanied by significant changes in the lymphoid tissue.
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PMID:Effect of repeated stress and administration of phenobarbital on the lymphoid tissue and on protein metabolism in the lymphocytes of infant and adult rats. 296 9

ACTH (microgram kg-1 i.v.) and prednisolone (1 microgram-1 i.v.) caused a moderate but statistically significant inhibition of rumen contractions, whereas no effects on heart rate and body temperature were observed. Both hormones induced hyperglycaemia and leucocytosis, characterised by moderate lymphopenia and a profound increase in the number of circulating neutrophils. A significant decrease in plasma iron and increase in plasma zinc concentrations were observed. After 3 daily i.m. injections of ACTH (10 micrograms-1 day-1) decreases were seen in both serum Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and plasma trace metal concentrations; heart rate was significantly higher. Intraveneous injection of E. coli endotoxin (0.1 microgram kg-1) caused shivering, fever, inhibition of rumen contractions, changes in heart rate, lymphopenia, neutropenia followed by neutrophilic leucocytosis, hypoferraemia, hypozincaemia, hypoglycaemia and a decline in serum ALP activity. ACTH, given i.m. for 3 days, reduced the febrile responses to E. coli endotoxin, modified the changes in heart rate, intensified the inhibition of rumen contractions, and induced a more marked decrease in the number of circulating neutrophils. ACTH pretreatment did not affect the endotoxin-induced decrease in blood glucose concentrations nor the drop in plasma zinc and iron values. These results suggest that glucocorticosteroids are not primarily involved in the fall in plasma iron and zinc concentrations during E. coli endotoxin-induced fever, the effects of endotoxin released glucocorticosteroids on white blood cells and blood glucose are masked by some other effect(s) of endotoxin, and in dwarf goats, ACTH has antipyretic properties without influencing normal body temperature. This effect is probably not dependent on adrenal cortical activity.
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PMID:The effects of ACTH, prednisolone and Escherichia coli endotoxin on some clinical haematological and blood biochemical parameters in dwarf goats. 301 91

During the summers of 1984 and 1985, adult red-spotted newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, were maintained in the laboratory at 23 degrees +/- 0.5 degrees C under natural photoperiods. From each of the experimental animals, the right forelimb was amputated just proximal to the elbow. Control newts were not manipulated surgically. Eight, 15, and 22 days after the time of amputation, equal numbers of regenerating and control animals were sacrificed, and blood smears of each individual were prepared with Wright's stain. Mean differential counts of leukocytes of the two groups of newts indicated that the relative number of neutrophils increased and the relative number of lymphocytes decreased in the regenerating animals as compared to their controls (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Earlier studies had shown that lymphopenia and neutrophilia occur in red-spotted newts treated with hydrocortisone or with ACTH or subjected to environmental stress (Bennett and Daigle 1983). Consequently, it is suggested that amputation and/or early regeneration may stimulate the increased production of hormones associated with stress in vertebrates, which may, in turn, influence regeneration, itself, and that the detailed study of the distribution of leukocytes in Notophthalmus viridescens may provide an assay with which to study the regulation of regeneration in this species.
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PMID:Stress and changes in the blood of newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, during early regeneration. 380 39

Effects of a modified live vaccine (MLV) strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVD) on lymphocyte and neutrophil function were determined in cattle with and without increased plasma cortisol (hydrocortisone) concentrations. Cattle were given MLV-BVD vaccine IM and intranasally. Cattle given ACTH received 200 IU every 12 hours for 10 doses. The MLV-BVD virus when administered alone caused no apparent clinical signs or body temperature response. Of 4 MLV-BVD-treated calves that were also given ACTH, 2 developed increased body temperature and respiratory distress. The MLV-BVD virus caused a decrease in circulating lymphocytes and neutrophils, whereas administration of ACTH and MLV-BVD induced a neutrophilia and lymphopenia. The MLV-BVD virus and ACTH when administered separately or in combination caused a depression of lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to selected mitogens. Neutrophils were separated from the peripheral blood and their function was evaluated, using the following procedures: (i) random migration under agarose, (ii) ingestion of 125I-labeled Staphylococcus aureus, (iii) quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, (iv) iodination, and (v) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The MLV-BVD virus produced a significant (P less than 0.05) suppression of neutrophil iodination and ADCC. Neutrophils from cattle given MLV-BVD virus and ACTH had enhanced random migration, enhanced S aureus ingestion, suppressed iodination, and suppressed ADCC activity.
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PMID:Suppression of neutrophil and lymphocyte function induced by a vaccinal strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus with and without the administration of ACTH. 631 14

Of cases of hyperadrenocorticism in small animals 80-85% are the result of adrenocortical hyperplasia. Middle-aged or older Poodles, Dachshunds, Boston Terriers and Boxers are most commonly affected, and cats rarely. Clinical signs include polydipsia, polyuria, alopecia, abdominal distension, lethargy, weakness, hepatomegaly, calcinosis cutis, testicular atrophy and anestrus. Hematologic and biochemical changes may include neutrophilia, lymphopenia, monocytosis, eosinopenia, increased blood levels of alkaline phosphatase, SGPT, cholesterol, Na and glucose, and decreased K and T4 levels. The high-dosage dexamethasone suppression test helps differentiate pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism from that caused by adrenal tumors. The low-dosage dexamethasone suppression test, determination of plasma ACTH levels, and ACTH response test are additional diagnostic aids in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease. Medical treatment involves oral use of mitotane (o,p'-DDD) at 50 mg/kg/day for 7 days and prednisone or prednisolone at 0.05 mg/kg/day. Hypophysectomy has been used with only 5% mortality in cases of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Adrenalectomy is indicated in cases of adrenal neoplasia.
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PMID:Diseases of the adrenal cortex of dogs and cats. 633 May 21

Stress induces an imbalance of neuroimmunomodulation, a phenomenon involving the immune, central nervous and endocrine systems. Receptors to substances involved in stress reactions and anxiety, like adrenaline, acetylcholine, histamine, endomorphines, ACTH and several neuropeptides, are present on lymphocytes and lymphocytes can secrete various hormones and neuropeptides. Peripheral and central, cortical and subcortical nervous structures influence immune response. Steroids play a dose dependent inhibitory role perhaps via GIF (Glucocorticoid Increasing Factor) and cytokines (IL 1). In rats, stress induces an increase of corticosterone levels and a lymphopenia depending on the presence of adrenals and pituitary, whereas functional responses to mitogens appear decreased in animals even after surgical removal of adrenals and/or pituitary. Immune response vary according to the degree of control over stressors, to the type of stressor and the animal species. Chronic or repeated stress tends to stimulate immune reaction, contrary to acute stress. In man grief reactions, terminal illness of a spouse, divorce, examinations, caregiving to Alzheimer patients have been used as models of stress, with immune consequences. Pathological anxiety has been less studied, with only few anomalies reported in DSM III-R panic disorder. The immune system participation in the adaptive response to stress is reviewed.
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PMID:[Stress and panic. Immunologic aspects]. 828 94

A study was made of the effects of exogenous adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) on the levels of blood components in 109 dairy replacement calves and the statistical correlations between these effects and the growth rates of the calves from birth to six months. Blood samples were taken from a jugular vein before ACTH was injected and then at two, four, six and eight hours afterwards, and analysed for plasma cortisol concentration, total white cell counts, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, plasma glucose, sodium, potassium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus, erythrocyte sodium, potassium and magnesium, serum ionised calcium and total protein and total plasma calcium concentration. The injection of 1.1 +/- 0.02 iu/kg of ACTH intramuscularly resulted in a peak plasma cortisol concentration after two hours which had not returned to normal after eight hours. It also resulted in leucocytosis, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, eosinopenia and hypophosphataemia; the mean changes were repeatable (P < 0.05) in 49 of the calves tested two months later. The weight gains to six months of age could be predicted from the degree of the changes in several blood constituents. Significant partial regression coefficients were found for the change in glucose concentration (0 to four hours), absolute neutrophil count (0 to two hours), absolute lymphocyte count (0 to four hours) and loge absolute eosinophil count (0 to two hours). The multiple regression sum of squares was highly significant (P < 0.0001), and the multiple coefficient of determination was 0.305. It was concluded that the changes in these blood components after an injection of ACTH might be used to predict the weight gains of dairy replacement calves.
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PMID:Responses of calves to injections of ACTH and their relationship with growth rate. 852 81

A 16-year-old, male, Hanoverian horse had a three-month history of weight loss, hirsutism and polyuria/polydypsia. Examinations revealed neutrophilia, lymphopenia, hyper glycaemia and abnormalities in hepatic function. A tentative diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism was made. The results of thyroid-releasing hormone and combined dexamethasone suppression and ACTH stimulation tests suggested the presence of a pituitary adenoma. The horse was treated with pergolide and beneficial clinical and biochemical responses were observed within one to six months.
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PMID:Pergolide treatment for Cushing's syndrome in a horse. 883 90


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