Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024312 (lymphopenia)
 4,859 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infection of macaque monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been established as an excellent animal model system for studying the pathogenesis of an HIV-like virus and for evaluating newly developed antiretroviral drugs and vaccines. Based on their genetic, antigenic, and biologic properties, the simian immunodeficiency viruses are the closest known relatives of the human AIDS viruses, and experimental infection of macaque monkeys results in a disease that is remarkably similar to human AIDS. Infected macaques show diarrhea, weight loss, hematologic abnormalities including lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia, lymphadenopathy/lymphoid hyperplasia that progresses to lymphoid depletion, immunosuppression with marked reduction in CD4+ cells and in the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio, and opportunistic infections. A majority of such macaques die from an AIDS-like disease within one to three years of infection. An acutely lethal variant of SIV has been identified that results in death in susceptible macaques within 7-12 days of infection. Preliminary prophylactic treatment trials with AZT in macaque monkeys exposed to the acutely lethal SIV variant indicate that some protection is provided when AZT treatment is initiated within 24 hours of virus exposure. Other studies with the more chronic SIV infection model, however, failed to show any prophylactic efficacy of CS-87, AZT, D4T, or FDT.
 ...
PMID:Nonhuman primate models for evaluation of AIDS therapy. 212 64

A total of 144 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients (mean CD4 cell count, 367 cells/mm3) were included in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial testing the efficacy on surrogate markers of HIV progression of the combination didanosine (2',3'-dideoxyinosine or DDI) plus stavudine (2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine or D4T) with or without hydroxyurea. The primary end point was a reduction of HIV RNA levels to below 200 copies/ml after 12 weeks of treatment. The results showed that the triple combination was associated with a more profound decrease in HIV RNA with an increased proportion of patients with viraemia < 200 copies/ml. This effect persisted for the majority of the patients after a 48 week follow-up. In contrast, the increase in CD4 cell counts was less in patients treated with hydroxyurea because of lymphopenia, and adverse events were more frequent in hydroxyurea-treated patients. In conclusion, the addition of hydroxyurea consistently improved the antiviral activity of the didanosine/stavudine combination over a 48 week follow-up. Increased toxicity and decreased effect on CD4 cell counts might inspire caution.
 ...
PMID:Didanosine plus stavudine with or without hydroxyurea in HIV-1-infected patients: 1 year follow-up. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. 1072 15

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients experience a range of haematological complications including anaemia, neutropenia, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia. Anaemia is a prognostic marker of future disease progression or death, independent of CD4 and viral load. Recovery from anaemia reduces the risk of disease progression to approximately the same level as seen among patients who have never had anaemia. Additionally, anaemia impacts a range of dimensions of quality of life, most commonly through fatigue. Anaemia can be caused by a range of mechanisms including infections, neoplasms, dietary deficiencies, blood loss and medication. Histologically, bone marrow hypoproliferation and dysplasia are the most commonly seen. Both AZT and d4T induce macrocytosis, however, AZT, but not d4T, has broader myelosuppressive effects both in vitro and in vivo. The management of anaemia typically includes correction of the underlying cause(s) and blood transfusion or erythropoietin. However, blood transfusions and iron supplementation may activate HIV expression and possibly worsen immunosuppression. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is an effective means of improving haemoglobin and reducing transfusion requirements in patients who have low (< 500 IU/L) endogenous erythropoietin levels.
 ...
PMID:Anaemia in persons with HIV infection: prognostic marker and contributor to morbidity. 1199 79