Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024312 (lymphopenia)
 4,859 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifty subjects living in a malaria endemic area were studied at diagnosis of a Plasmodium falciparum attack and 3 weeks later. Absolute numbers of CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes as well as plasma cytokines and secreted cytokines after in vitro mitogenic stimulation were measured. At enrollment, lymphopenia was observed, lending support to the reallocation hypothesis during the acute phase. A significant elevation of the number of CD8(+) cells was present in the peripheral blood during the recovery phase. During the acute phase, plasma IL-6 levels peaked while in vitro production capacity was high at both phases. Plasma IL-6 concentrations were positively related to blood parasite density at D0, as IL-4 and IFN-gamma, suggesting an early intervention of these cytokines. Plasma IL-2 levels were low at diagnosis although cells retained their ability to produce IL-2, which was found more frequently in plasma after cure. Acquisition of immunity with age was in relation with greater secretion abilities of cells for type 1 and type 2 cytokines during the parasite clearance phase. We conclude to an early implication of type 2 cytokines and IFN-gamma, with particularly high levels of IL-6.
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PMID:Plasma and in vitro levels of cytokines during and after a Plasmodium falciparum malaria attack in Gabon. 1220 92

Fifteen 8-week-old conventional pigs were selected from a farm where pigs were suffering from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Ten of the animals were diseased pigs showing typical signs of PMWS (wasting and respiratory disorders) and positive for infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), and the other five animals selected as controls were pen-mate, apparently healthy pigs. Blood samples and lymphoid tissues were taken from each animal for haematological, serological and histopathological studies. Also, cytokine mRNA expression of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40 and IFN-gamma from inguinal and bronchial lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen and thymus was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Pigs suffering from PMWS showed severe alterations of haematological parameters such as anaemia, lymphopenia with decrease of CD8(+) and IgM(+) cells, monocytosis and neutrophilia. Also, extensive lymphocyte depletion and altered cytokine mRNA expression patterns were seen in most of the examined lymphoid organs. Those cytokine mRNA alterations were characterized by an overexpression of IL-10 mRNA in thymus and IFN-gamma mRNA in tonsils, and by decreases in the mRNA expression of several cytokines as IL-2 and IL-12p40 in the spleen, IL-4 in tonsils, and IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-12p40 and IL-4 in inguinal lymph nodes. Also, the IL-10 mRNA overexpression was histologically associated with the thymic depletion and atrophy observed in PMWS pigs. In conclusion, the cytokine mRNA imbalance, specially the increased mRNA levels of IL-10 in the thymus, jointly with the histopathological and haematological disorders, are highly indicative of a T-cell immunosuppression, enhancing the notion that the immune system of PMWS-affected pigs is severely impaired.
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PMID:Cytokine mRNA expression profiles in lymphoid tissues of pigs naturally affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. 1286 43

Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is an economically important disease in pigs caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Development of this disease is presumably associated with an impairment of the immune system. We, therefore, investigated the systemic expression of relevant cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) and IL-2Ralpha at mRNA (semiquantitative RT-PCR) and at protein level (flow cytometric intracellular cytokine detection after short-time stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells) in 10 feeder pigs aged 14 weeks suffering from natural PMWS and in 10 clinically healthy pen-mates. Hematological examination revealed a significant (p < 0.001) relative lymphopenia in the diseased animals when compared to reference pigs. IL-1alpha and IL-10 mRNA levels were notably increased in the affected pigs, whereas IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha (CD25) mRNA levels tended to be down-regulated. IL-8, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA expressions appeared to be slightly increased. Intracellular cytokine levels as measured by flow cytometry revealed an increase of IL-1beta, IL-2, and IL-6, whereas IL-12 and TNF-alpha expressions were not affected. IFN-gamma was slightly decreased in the diseased animals. In conclusion, despite the assumption, that the cellular immune response to PMWS as a virus-induced disease should be characterized by either a Th1 driven cytokine profile or a cytokine profile indicative of T cell immunosuppression, our results did not support that hypothesis. Nevertheless, data from intracellular cytokine detection suggest an even increased percentage of the remaining lymphocytes capable to produce IL-2 upon in vitro stimulation, which is in contrast to the slightly diminished IL-2 mRNA levels reflecting the in vivo situation at least at the mRNA level.
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PMID:Systemic cytokine profile in feeder pigs suffering from natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) as determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometric intracellular cytokine detection. 1511 55

To address the role of cellular immunity during ehrlichia infection, we have used a newly described model of monocytic ehrlichiosis that results from infection of mice by an ehrlichia that was isolated from an Ixodes ovatus tick (Ixodes ovatus ehrlichia, IOE). Immunocompetent C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice exhibited a dose-dependent susceptibility to IOE infection. Mice infected with a high dose inoculum ( approximately 1000 organisms) exhibited pronounced thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, anemia, and morbidity within 12 days postinfection. Infection was associated with bacterial colonization of a number of tissues. In contrast, mice infected with a low dose inoculum ( approximately 100 organisms) exhibited only transient disease and were able to resolve the infection. SCID mice were highly susceptible to low-dose infection, indicating that adaptive immunity was required. Resistance to sublethal challenge in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice was CD4-, but not CD8-, dependent and required IL-12p40-dependent cytokines, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha, but not IL-4. CD4 T cells purified from infected mice proliferated in vitro in response to IOE Ags. T cell proliferation was associated with production of IFN-gamma, and the production of this cytokine by CD4 T cells rescued IFN-gamma-deficient mice from fatal infection. Exogenous IFN-gamma was capable of inducing microbiocidal activity in infected macrophages. The data suggest that classical immune mechanisms involving CD4 cells and type 1 cytokines are responsible for macrophage activation and for elimination of this intracellular bacterial pathogen.
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PMID:Production of IFN-gamma by CD4 T cells is essential for resolving ehrlichia infection. 1515 8

Pigs were vaccinated with the emergency inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine--water-in-oil-in-water emulsion with Montanide ISA206--known to protect after 3-5 days. Peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) sub-populations did not differ between vaccinates and controls post-vaccination. There was neither lymphopenia nor inflammatory reaction. FMDV-specific antibody and T lymphocyte activity developed in the vaccinates. Virus-induced Th1-like cytokine protein and mRNA (IFNgamma and IL-2) were identified, particularly IFNgamma. Th2-like cytokine protein and mRNA (IL-4 and IL-6) were also induced in an FMDV-specific manner. IL-10 was induced by both virus and mock antigen. The current emergency FMDV vaccine induces a diverse immune defence network--innate, and both Th1-like and Th2-like responses--without adverse reactions such as lymphopenia or inflammatory responses.
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PMID:Immune response characteristics following emergency vaccination of pigs against foot-and-mouth disease. 1562 Apr 77

This study characterized the cell-mediated immune response in pigs inoculated with the Alfort 187 isolate of classical swine fever (CSF) virus. Quantitative changes in the T-lymphocyte population (CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+)) and qualitative changes in cytokine expression (IL-2, IL-4 and IFNgamma) by these cells in serum, thymus and spleen were demonstrated. These changes coincided spatially and temporally with previously described quantitative and qualitative changes in monocyte-macrophage populations, thus demonstrating the contribution of the two cell populations to lymphoid depletion. Moreover, examination of cytokine expression in thymus and spleen samples revealed a type 1 cell-mediated immune response in the early and middle stages of the experiment, giving way to a type 2 immune response towards the end of the experiment; these findings, which accorded with the serological results and lymphopenia, may influence the delayed humoral response characteristic of CSF.
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PMID:Evolution of T lymphocytes and cytokine expression in classical swine fever (CSF) virus infection. 1589 83

CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells belong to the innate-like lymphocytes which respond rapidly to stress and infectious challenge. We have studied murine CD1d-restricted NKT cells in the early immune response to virulent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium after oral infection. In the liver and spleen, neutrophil and macrophage numbers had increased several-fold by day 5 post-infection, while the frequency of B and T lymphocytes decreased. These cellular changes occurred independently of CD1d-restricted NKT cells, and further, CD1d-restricted T cells did not influence the bacterial load. However, in CD1d(+) mice NK1.1(+) T cells and invariant CD1d-restricted T cells were activated by the infection, as demonstrated by an increase in size, up-regulation of CD69 and production of IFN-gamma. The NK1.1 antigen was down-modulated on these cells during the course of infection, while TCR levels were unaffected. While dendritic cells (DC) up-regulated CD1d-levels upon 24 h of in vitro exposure to the bacteria, increased CD1d expression was not evident on DC in vivo during infection. Furthermore, in vitro re-stimulation of CD1d-restricted T cells isolated from infected mice demonstrated a significant skewing of the cytokine profile, with suppressed IL-4 and increased IFN-gamma production.
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PMID:The role of CD1d-restricted NK T lymphocytes in the immune response to oral infection with Salmonella typhimurium. 1594 Jun 66

We describe the effects of polyethylene glycol-conjugated adenosine deaminase (ADA) replacement therapy on lymphocyte counts, activation, apoptosis, proliferation, and cytokine secretion in a 14-month-old girl with "delayed-onset" ADA deficiency and marked immunodysregulation. Pretreatment lymphopenia affected T cells (CD4, 150/microl; CD8, 459/microl), B cells (16/microl), and NK cells (55/microl). T cells were uniformly activated and largely apoptotic (CD4, 59%; CD8, 82%); and T-cell-dependent cytokine levels in plasma were elevated, including the levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2; 26 pg/ml), IL-4 (81 pg/ml), IL-5 (46 pg/ml), gamma interferon (1,430 pg/ml), tumor necrosis factor alpha (210 pg/ml), and IL-10 (168 pg/ml). Mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells show reduced IL-2 secretion and proliferation. During the first 5 months of therapy there was clinical improvement and partial immune reconstitution, with nearly normal lymphocyte subset numbers, reduced T-cell activation and CD4-cell apoptosis, and decreased plasma cytokine levels. In parallel, IL-2 secretion and the lymphocyte mitogenic response improved. Between 4 and 7 months, immunoglobulin G antibodies to bovine ADA developed and resulted in the complete reversal of immune recovery.
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PMID:polyethylene glycol-conjugated adenosine deaminase (ADA) therapy provides temporary immune reconstitution to a child with delayed-onset ADA deficiency. 1652 90

Several cytokines derived from Th3 and Tr1 cells, including IL-10, are believed to regulate oral tolerance, but direct evidence is lacking. We have explored the potential role of IL-10 by generating transgenic (TG) mice with sustained hepatocyte-specific expression of rat IL-10. TG mice expressed rat IL-10 downstream of a transthyretin promoter, which led to serum levels that were increased 10- to 100-fold compared with normal animals. Animals were orally administered 1 mg of whole OVA for 5 consecutive days, with control animals receiving PBS. There were six animal groups: Either OVA or PBS were fed orally to rat IL-10 TG mice, non-TG wild-type mice without IL-10 administration, and non-TG wild-type mice administered rat IL-10 systemically. On day 8, all mice were immunized with two injections of OVA, and then analyzed on day 18. T cell proliferation responses were reduced by 65.8 +/- 14.3% after feeding of OVA in rIL-10 TG animals, compared with 39.4 +/- 15.6% in the non-TG mice (p = 0.02). Anti-OVA titers were expressed as fold increase over naive non-TG mice. After feeding, titers decreased by approximately 33% (from 3- to 2-fold) in TG animals and, to a lesser extent, in non-TG animals. IFN-gamma secretion by cultured popliteal lymphocytes decreased in TG animals by 83% after feeding and by 69% in non-TG animals. IL-4 secretion increased 4-fold in TG-fed mice, but did not significantly change in non-TG OVA-fed animals. In contrast to hepatic TG expression of rIL-10, systemic administration of rIL-10 had only a modest effect on tolerance. IL-10, when transgenically expressed in the liver enhances mucosal tolerance to an oral Ag.
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PMID:Enhanced oral tolerance in transgenic mice with hepatocyte secretion of IL-10. 1614 1

To evaluate morphological characteristics and development of the immune system at different ages in neonatal pigs, 4 piglets were euthanized at 7, 14, and 18 d of age for collection of blood, bile, and intestinal tissue for morphological measurements. Blood was collected for differential cell counts, lymphocyte blastogenesis, immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations, cytokine concentrations, and flow cytometric analysis. Bile was collected for quantification of Ig-A and Ig-M. Villus width and crypt depth from duodenum sections, as well as ileum crypt depth, were reduced (P < or = 0.08) in 18-d-old pigs compared with 7-d-old pigs. No age-related differences (P > or = 0.11) were observed in the number of goblet cells with neutral and acidic mucins, serum or enteric Ig concentrations, IL-2, IL-4, spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation, or leukocyte concentrations. When measured as counts per minute (cpm) and as a stimulation index (SI), lymphocyte proliferation responses to phytohaemagglutinin increased (P = 0.05) between 7 and 14 d of age; no changes (P = 0.10) occurred at 18 d of age. No age-related changes (P = 0.39) were observed in response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) when measured as cpm; however, the SI from PWM-induced lymphocytes decreased (P = 0.04) 4-fold between 7 and 18 d of age. The CD4+:CD8+ and populations of lymphocytes expressing CD2+CD4+CD8- (T helper cells) and CD25+CD4+CD8- (activated T helper cells) were greater (P > or = 0.04) at 7 d of age than at 14 and 18 d. Populations of T lymphocytes, cytotoxic T cells (CD2+CD4-CD8+), activated lymphocytes (CD25+), and activated cytotoxic T cells (CD25+CD4-CD8+) were greater (P > or = 0.02) in 18-d-old pigs compared with 7-d-old pigs, whereas CD2+CD4-CD8- [double negative cells] were lower (P = 0.08) in 18-d-old pigs compared with 14-d-old pigs. The percentage of CD2+ T cells was 8.4% at 7 d of age, and by the time the pigs reached 18 d of age, the percentage of CD2+ T cells was 33.8%. Moreover, the percentage of gammadelta T cells was greater (P = 0.02) in 18-d-old pigs than in 7-d-old pigs (74.8 vs. 46.1%, respectively). Results indicate that the porcine immune system and gut are continuously changing as the young pig matures. Changes occurred in lymphocyte phenotypic expression and functional capabilities, as well as morphology and mucin production, and their role may be to further protect the neonate from antigenic challenge as protection from passive immunity declines.
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PMID:Ontogeny of T lymphocytes and intestinal morphological characteristics in neonatal pigs at different ages in the postnatal period. 1647 48


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