Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024312 (lymphopenia)
 4,859 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In studies of the mouse thymus, lymphocyte mitoses are seen to be most frequent in the thymus cortex. There is evidence from thymic grafts that a hypothetical factor, thymopoietin, may stimulate mitosis of thymic lymphocytes. It is a factor which is postulated to act in conjunction with the PAS-positive mesenchymal reticular cells and epithelial reticular cells of the cortex. The thymus medulla is necessary for the integrity of thymic grafts, and may also elaborate a secretion for maintaining the cellular functions of the gland. Thymectomy has been used as a gauge for judging normal thymic function and results, in the mouse, in lymphopenia, degeneration of spleen and lymph nodes, delayed rejection of skin allografts, reduced ability of spleen cells to mount the graft versus host reaction, and reduced primary immune response to certain antigens. Correction of these deficiencies offers a means of evaluating various thymic extracts and grafts. Lymphocytosis-stimulating hormone (LSH) is known to maintain the peripheral lymphoid organs and cause lymphocytosis in the thymectomized animal. Diffusion chamber studies of thymic grafts also show restored lymphoid tissue by a cell-free factor (CIF). These two factors may be the same and probably represent the basis of the highly purified lymphocyte-stimulating proteins, LSHr and LSHh, which restore the L/P ratio in thymectomized animals and may stimulate lymphopoiesis in spleen and lymph nodes. LSHr, unlike LSHh, increases the total lymphocyte count. LSHr has been found to increase the humoral antibody response in neonatal mice both by the PFC technique and by direct hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes. Homeostatic thymic hormone (HTH) is a thymic extract of small molecular weight and contains nucleic acid. In the thymectomized guinea pig it has been found to maintain normal levels of lymphocytes in the blood, spleen and lymph nodes, to restore antibody titers to typhoid H antigen and to restore the toxic allergic reaction. Thymic humoral factor (THF) is of smaller molecular weight (less than 1,000) and probably is not a protein. It also enhances lymphoid proliferation in neonatally thymectomized mice. There is evidence that THF participates in humoral antibody formation because it stimulates PFC formation from neonatally thymectomized mice after inoculation with sheep erythrocytes. Its effects on cell-mediated immunity are seen from findings that injection of THF restores the ability of thymectomized mice to reject skin allografts. THF enables spleen cells from thymectomized or neonatal animals to mount the graft versus host reaction, and causes maturation of bone marrow cells and spleen or lymph node cells so that they can participate in the graft versus host reaction. It has been reported to stimulate lymphocytes to kill isogeneic tumor cells in vitro. Thymosin is protein extracted from the thymus. It has been found to alleviate leukopenia slightly and provide some improvement in lymphoid histology in thymectomized mice...
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PMID:Some endocrine aspects of the thymus gland. 6 31

In spite of the increasing use of single and multiple pharmacologic intravenous pulses of MPS for immunosuppression in various diseases, their immunosuppressive effects have not been documented. We treated two groups of six patients with classic RA unresponsive to conventional therapy with either one or three daily 1 gm intravenous doses of MPS and measured the immune response and clinical activity over 16 weeks. Lymphocytopenia with selective T lymphocyte suppression was noted 2 hr following each infusion, which was maximal at 6 hr with complete recovery 24 hr after each dose beyond which no lymphocytopenia or T lymphocyte depletion was seen. Preservation of skin test positivity to recall antigens such as PPD and histoplasmin, rise in antibody titers to the secondary antigens tetanus and typhoid, and primary antibody response to KLH were found in both groups after treatment. Serum gamma globulin concentrations were unchanged. Five of six patients receiving 3 doses and three of six receiving 1 dose had satisfactory improvement in clinical parameters, with maximal benefit seen within the first 4 days. Six patients still felt better at 4 weeks, and one patient in each group entered a clinical remission greater than 16 weeks. We conclude that higher and repeated doses of MPS caused neither greater lymphocytopenia nor more prolonged suppression of recirculating lymphocytes than the conventional oral doses. The clinical benefits stem from reduction of inflammation, and it is doubtful that pulse therapy by itself induced significant generalized immunosuppression.
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PMID:Effect of corticosteroids on the human immune response: comparison of one and three daily 1 gm intravenous pulses of methylprednisolone. 7 67

Immunological function was evaluated in 9 patients who received oxisuran at a dose range of 5-90 mg/kg, for periods of 5-40 weeks. Bone marrow cytotoxicity and lymphopenia did not occur. Established humoral immunological reactions were unaffected by oxisuran. Only 6 of 19 previously positive skin tests reverted to negative. Primary cellular immune reactivity was markedly suppressed. Allogenic skin graft survival was prolonged to a mean of 30.7 days and only 2 of 9 patients were successfully sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene and Keyhole limpet hemocyanin, respectively. Both IgG and IgM responses to primary typhoid immunization were inhibited. In vitro peripheral blood lymphocyte activity in phytohemagglutinin and mixed lymphocyte culture tests remained normal. These data suggest that oxisuran interferes with the afferent limb of the immune system and may thereby be clinically useful in human transplantation.
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PMID:The effect of oxisuran on human immunological responsiveness. 124 5

Leucopenia with neutropenia and a relative lymphocytosis are believed to be common findings in patients with typhoid fever. This paper reviews 191 adult patients with typhoid. The total and differential leucocyte counts done on admission were analysed. In this study leucopenia was found in only 24.6% of patients. Whilst complications occurred at any white cell count, the prevalence of complications increased significantly to 70% in patients with a white cell count above 8 x 10(9)/l. Neutropenia was found in 25% of patients, and none of the patients had an absolute lymphocytosis, whereas 75.8% of patients had true lymphopenia.
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PMID:The white cell count in typhoid fever. 149 17

Disturbances of blood coagulation were studied in 32 consecutive patients with typhoid fever on their admission to hospital. Estimations of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products (FDPs), factors VII, VIII and XII, alpha I antitrypsin, plasminogen, CI esterase inhibitor, and platelet counts were performed as well as liver function tests and blood counts. Five patients had laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and two had a generalised bleeding disorder which in the other three was inapparent. The platelet count in the group as a whole was low (P less than 0.05) and the FDPs in most cases were mildly elevated. The pre-kallikrein values were depressed in three of the five with DIC, whereas factor XII was not reduced. These results indicate that bleeding disorders in typhoid fever are uncommon. The depression of pre-kallikrein indicates that the DIC is probably triggered by activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Most patients had lymphopenia and monocytopenia but only two had neutropenia.
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PMID:Disturbances of blood coagulation associated with Salmonella typhi infections. 335 16

Some aspects of typhoid fever in 77 children are discussed. There were 48 boys and 29 girls and their ages ranged from 1 month to 12 years. The patients were treated with chloramphenicol 100 mg/kg/d during the first 2 weeks and with either amoxycillin (100 mg/kg/d) or ampicillin (200 mg/kg/d) during the third week. The average duration of fever was 5.2 days. There was 1 relapse and 1 child, a baby aged 1 month, died. The correct diagnosis was not suspected by the referring doctor in 38% of the patients. On admission the commonest complaints were fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, headache and vomiting. The commonest findings on examination were tenderness or distension of the abdomen, apathy or delirium, rhonchi or crepitations, liver enlargement and meningism. There was anaemia (Hb less than 10 g/dl) in 23% and lymphopenia (less than 1500/microliter) in 43% of the patients. The differential white blood cell count revealed 5% or more unsegmented neutrophils in 32% of the patients, while 25% had 10% or more band cells. Two patients (sisters) failed to respond after 15 and 16 days of therapy with chloramphenicol and ampicillin because of resistant Salmonella typhi and were successfully treated with co-trimoxazole. Practitioners caring for black patients should always be on the alert for typhoid fever; some patients may not respond to chloramphenicol or amoxicillin. During the acute phase milk feeds are best replaced by soya products because of abdominal distension or aggravation of diarrhoea by milk.
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PMID:[Aspects of typhoid fever in children]. 376 9

Immunological status was studied in mice born after induction of the graft-versus-host reaction in mothers. The young mice (under 1 month of age) exhibited lymphopenia, prolonged allogeneic skin graft survival, increased susceptibility to infection with typhoid bacteria, decreased number of plaque-forming cells in the spleen after immunization of mice with sheep red blood cells and Vi-antigen. In 2- to 3-month-old mice the analogous changes in immunity and reduced number of T lymphocytes in the spleen and lymph nodes were seen only in those which developed signs of runt-disease. In old mice immunity to sheep erythrocytes and number of T lymphocytes were reduced; however, responses to Vi-antigen were elevated significantly. Most of old-aged mice had high levels of the serum immunoglobulins and transferrins. In some cases positive antiglobulin tests were revealed.
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PMID:[Immunological disorders in mice born after the induction of the graft versus host reaction in their mothers]. 737 Apr 23

The immune status in 48 typhoid fever (TF) patients has been studied. As revealed in this study, during the fever period of the disease pronounced disturbances in immune homeostasis are observed, which are manifested by T lymphopenia, the prevalence of suppressor subpopulations of T lymphocytes with the prevalence of T helpers, a considerable rise in the level of circulating immune complexes (CIC), mainly highly pathogenic medium- and low-molecular complexes. At the early period of convalescence the preservation of all these signs is indicative of fact that the treat of TF relapse is present. IN the prognosis of the disease the most informative signs are a decrease in the number of T lymphocytes and active (early) rosette-forming cells, an increase in the level of CIC and the presence of 75% and more highly pathogenic medium- and low-molecular complexes among them.
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PMID:[The immune status of patients with typhoid fever]. 799 49